Barisan Nasional | |
|---|---|
 | |
| English name | National Front |
| Abbreviation | BN |
| Chairman | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
| Secretary-General | Zambry Abdul Kadir |
| Deputy Chairman | Mohamad Hasan |
| Vice Chairman | |
| Advisor | Najib Razak |
| Treasurer-General | Johari Abdul Ghani |
| Founder | Abdul Razak Hussein |
| Founded | 1 June 1974 (1974-06-01)[1] |
| Preceded by | Alliance |
| Succeeded by | Gabungan Parti Sarawak (in Sarawak)(2018) |
| Headquarters | Aras 8, Menara Dato’ Onn,Putra World Trade Centre,Kuala Lumpur |
| Student wing | Barisan Nasional Student Movement |
| Youth wing | Barisan Nasional Youth Movement |
| Women's wing | Barisan Nasional Women Movement |
| Ideology | Factions: Historical:
|
| Political position | Centre-right toright-wing |
| National affiliation | Perikatan Nasional(2020–2022)[nb 1] National Unity Government(since 2022) |
| Regional affiliation | Gabungan Rakyat Sabah(2020–2023) Gabungan Parti Sarawak(since 2020) |
| Colours | |
| Slogan | Rakyat Didahulukan (People's First, Nation First) Hidup Rakyat (Long Live the People!) Bersama Barisan Nasional (With the National Front) Hidup Negaraku (Long Live the Nation!) Kestabilan dan Kemakmuran (Stability and Prosperity) |
| Anthem | Barisan Nasional[5] |
| Dewan Negara | 12 / 70 |
| Dewan Rakyat | 30 / 222 |
| State Legislative Assemblies | 122 / 611 |
| Chief minister of states | 4 / 13 |
| Election symbol | |
| |
| Website | |
| www | |
Barisan Nasional (BN; English:National Front) is apolitical coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1974 as a coalition ofcentre-right andright-wing political parties to succeed theAlliance Party. It is the third largest political coalition with 30 seats in theDewan Rakyat afterPakatan Harapan (PH) with 82 seats andPerikatan Nasional (PN) with 74 seats.
The coalition consists of theUnited Malays National Organisation (UMNO),Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA),Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), andUnited Sabah People's Party (PBRS).
The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor theAlliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.[1] It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded. Taken together with its predecessor Alliance, it had a combined period of rule of almost 61 years from 1957 to 2018, and was considered the longest ruling coalition party in thedemocratic world.[6]
Since 2008, the coalition has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably thePakatan Rakyat and later thePakatan Harapan (PH) alliances. The Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament toPH for the first time in Malaysian history after the2018 general election and became the opposition coalition. The Sabah and Sarawak BN component parties left the coalition and formed their own coalitions in 2018 and 2022. In the aftermath of the2020 Malaysian political crisis, Barisan Nasional returned to power under aPerikatan Nasional-led government. However, it suffered its worst result in the2022 election, falling to third behind Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but it stayed in government by supportingPakatan Harapan.
Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-partyAlliance coalition formed byUnited Malays National Organisation,Malaysian Chinese Association, andMalaysian Indian Congress. It was founded in the aftermath of the1969 general election and the13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties,Democratic Action Party andGerakan, as well asPan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to theMay 13 riots and the declaration of a state of emergency.[7] After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations to form a new alliance began with parties such as Gerakan andPeople's Progressive Party, both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed byPan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) in 1973.[1]
The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties fromSabah andSarawak (Sabah Alliance Party,Sarawak United Peoples' Party,Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu), was formally registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.[8] It contested the1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime ministerTun Abdul Razak, which it won with considerable success.[9]
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In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt by PAS within theKelantan state legislature against the chief minister appointed by the federal government.[1] Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss ofKelantan to PAS, andSabah toUnited Sabah Party which later joined Barisan Nasional.
By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.
Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained the consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in theDewan Rakyat until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia'sfirst-past-the-postvoting system.[10]
In the2008 general election, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of theparliamentary seats toPakatan Rakyat, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirdssupermajority in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namelySelangor,Kelantan,Penang,Perak andKedah fell toPakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via a court ruling following aconstitutional crisis. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula.[11]
The losses continued in the2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regainedKedah but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.[12] The1MDB scandal, which erupted in 2015, further damaged BN's reputation.
During the2018 general election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament toPakatan Harapan, winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote amid vote split ofIslamic Party. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namelyJohor,Malacca,Negeri Sembilan,Perak,Kedah andSabah fell toPakatan Harapan andWARISAN (Sabah). TheTerengganu state government also fell but to theGagasan Sejahtera. Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namelyPerlis,Pahang andSarawak.
Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election.[13] These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties (UPKO,PBS andLDP),[14][15] four Sarawak-based parties (PBB,SUPP,PRS andPDP, which formed a new state-based pactGPS),[16][17]myPPP (under Kayveas faction)[18] andGerakan.[19] myPPP experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announcing that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announcing that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019.
Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since 16 members of parliament left the party,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for theCameron Highlands federal constituency due to bribery,[28] but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the2019 by-election.[29]
As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN won in the general election.
MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with the secretary-general,Nazri Abdul Aziz. Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition.
In January 2019, all SabahUMNO branches including Sabah BN branches were dissolved and officially closed, leaving only one BN branch open. This brings the total BN seats inSabah to only 2 seats.
Since 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the2019 Cameron Highlands by-election,[30]2019 Semenyih by-election,[31]2019 Rantau by-election,[32] and2019 Tanjung Piai by-election,[33] defeating Pakatan Harapan.
In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with thePan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) calledMuafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[34] There was however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there were calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.[35][36] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC andPBRS but aligned themselves withPerikatan Nasional to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of thePakatan Harapan government.[37] Barisan Nasional form a new government on 15 August 2021 withPerikatan Nasional after the collapse of thePerikatan Nasional government.
Barisan Nasional also recovered control of the Johor,[38] Malacca[39] and Perak[40] state governments.
On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won atwo-thirds majority of 21 out of 28 seats in theMalacca State Legislative Assembly.[41]
On 12 March 2022, Barisan gained a landslide victory in the2022 Johor state election, allowing it to form the much more stable Johor state government with atwo-thirds majority in theJohor State Legislative Assembly, which is 40 out of 56 seats while defeating Pakatan Harapan with 12 seats, Perikatan Nasional with 3 seats and Malaysian United Democratic Alliance with 1 seat.
In the2022 election, BN faced the worst result in its history, winning 30 out of 222 seats, compared to 82 and 74 seats for Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional respectively.[42] Several key figures includingTengku Razaleigh Hamzah,Mahdzir Khalid,Azeez Rahim,Tengku Zafrul Aziz, andKhairy Jamaluddin, lost to either PN or PH candidates in their own constituencies.[42][43][44][45] BN also lost several state elections held inPahang andPerak and won no seats inPerlis.[46]Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the party president, was re-elected with a slim majority of 348, high decrease from2018 Malaysian general election which he won with majority of 5073 votes.[47] The election produced ahung parliament, but BN decided to support the biggest coalitionPakatan Harapan and was rewarded with cabinet posts in the government.[48][49]
.jpg)
In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largestBumiputera-based political parties—theUnited Malays National Organisation, andParti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. For most of its history, both theMalaysian Chinese Association andMalaysian Indian Congress have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:
Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections, as a separate party. Their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents.[50]
Although both theAlliance and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is mostly indirect through one of the constituent parties while direct membership is allowed.[51] The BN defines itself as a "confederation of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.[52]
| Logo | Name | Ideology | Position | Leader(s) | Seats contested | 2022 result | Current seats | State Legislature Seats | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes (%) | Seats | Composition | |||||||||
| Member parties | |||||||||||
.svg) | UMNO | United Malays National Organisation Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu | Ketuanan Melayu | Right-wing | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi | 119 | 16.43% | 26 / 222 | 26 / 30 | 107 / 611 | |
 | MCA | Malaysian Chinese Association Persatuan Cina Malaysia | Malaysian Chinese interests | Centre-right | Wee Ka Siong | 44 | 4.29% | 2 / 222 | 2 / 30 | 8 / 611 | |
 | MIC | Malaysian Indian Congress Kongres India Se-Malaysia | Malaysian Indian interests | Centre-right | Vigneswaran Sanasee | 10 | 1.11% | 1 / 222 | 1 / 30 | 5 / 611 | |
.jpg) | PBRS | United Sabah People's Party Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah | Sabah nationalism | Right-wing | Arthur Joseph Kurup | 2 | 0.15% | 1 / 222 | 1 / 30 | 0 / 611 | |
| Allied Parties of BN | |||||||||||
| PCM | Love Malaysia Party Parti Cinta Malaysia | National conservatism | Right-wing | Huan Cheng Guan | 1 | 0.03% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | ||
| AMIPF | All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front Barisan Progresif India Se-Malaysia | Dravidian movement | Centre-right | Loganathan Thoraisamy | 1 | 0.05% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | ||
 | KIMMA | Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress Kongres India Muslim Malaysia | Islamism Indo-Malaysian Muslim interests | Right-wing | Syed Ibrahim Kader | 1 | 0.14% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | |
| MIUP | Malaysian Indian United Party Parti Bersatu India Malaysia | Dravidian movement | Nallakaruppan Solaimalai | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | |||
| MMSP | Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia | R.S. Thanenthiran | 1 | 0.07% | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | ||||
| PPM | Punjabi Party of Malaysia Parti Punjabi Malaysia | Sikhism | Gurjeet Singh Rhande | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | |||
| IKATAN | Malaysia National Alliance Party Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia | Social democracy | Centre-left | Abdul Kadir Sheikh Fadzir | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | ||
| Other allied parties | |||||||||||
| MIRA | Minority Rights Action Party Parti Tindakan Hak Minoriti | Liberal democracy | N/A | S. Gobi Krishnan | N/A | N/A | 0 / 222 | 0 / 30 | 0 / 611 | ||
*denotes defunct parties
| No. | Name (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Term of office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abdul Razak Hussein (1922–1976) | 1 January 1973 | 14 January 1976 | |
| 2 | Hussein Onn (1922–1990) |  | 15 January 1976 | 28 June 1981 |
| 3 | Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) | .png) | 28 June 1981 | 4 February 1988 |
| – | Ling Liong Sik (Acting) (b. 1943) | 4 February 1988 | 16 February 1988 | |
| (3) | Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925) |  | 16 February 1988 | 30 October 2003 |
| 4 | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (1939–2025) | .jpg) | 31 October 2003 | 26 March 2009 |
| 5 | Najib Razak (b. 1953) |  | 26 March 2009 | 12 May 2018 |
| 6 | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (b. 1953) |  | 30 June 2018 | 18 December 2018 |
| – | Mohamad Hasan (Acting) (b. 1956) | 18 December 2018 | 30 June 2019 | |
| (6) | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (b. 1953) | | 30 June 2019 | Incumbent |
Barisan Nasional Supreme Council:[53]
_(cropped).jpg)
Barisan Nasional has 30 MPs in theHouse of Representatives, with 26 MPs (or 92.5%) of them from UMNO.
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Johor | Menteri Besar | Onn Hafiz Ghazi | UMNO | Machap | |
 Malacca | Chief Minister | Ab Rauf Yusoh | UMNO | Tanjung Bidara | |
 Pahang | Menteri Besar | Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail | UMNO | Jelai | |
 Perak | Menteri Besar | Saarani Mohammad | UMNO | Kota Tampan | |
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malacca | Senior EXCO | Rais Yasin | UMNO | Paya Rumput | |
 Negeri Sembilan | Senior EXCO | Jalaluddin Alias | UMNO | Pertang | |
 Sabah | Deputy Chief Minister III | Shahelmey Yahya | UMNO | Tanjung Keramat | |
Barisan Nasional also forms the state governments ofNegeri Sembilan,Penang andSelangor in coalition withPakatan Harapan, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.
| State | Leader type | Member | Party | State Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johor | Speaker | Mohd Puad Zarkashi | UMNO | Rengit | |
| Johor | Deputy Speaker | Samsolbari Jamali | UMNO | Semarang | |
| Malacca | Speaker | Ibrahim Durum | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Negeri Sembilan | Deputy Speaker | Mohd Asna Amin | UMNO | Lenggeng | |
| Pahang | Speaker | Mohd Sharkar Shamsudin | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Perak | Speaker | Mohamad Zahir Abdul Khalid | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Sabah | Speaker | Kadzim M Yahya | UMNO | Non-MLA | |
| Portfolio | Office Bearer | Party | Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deputy Prime Minister Minister of Rural and Regional Development Minister Responsible for National Disaster Management Agency | Dato' SeriDr.Ahmad Zahid HamidiMP | UMNO | Bagan Datuk | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Dato' Seri UtamaMohamad HasanMP | UMNO | Rembau | |
| Minister of Defence | Dato' SeriMohamed Khaled NordinMP | UMNO | Kota Tinggi | |
| Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Law and Institutional Reform) | Dato' SriAzalina Othman SaidMP | UMNO | Pengerang | |
| Minister of Higher Education | Senator Dato' Seri DirajaDr.Zambry Abdul Kadir | UMNO | Senator | |
| Minister of Plantation and Commodities | Datuk Seri HajiJohari Abdul GhaniMP | UMNO | Titiwangsa | |
| Portfolio | Office Bearer | Party | Constituency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food Security | DatukArthur Joseph KurupMP | PBRS | Pensiangan | |
| Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs | DatukMohamad AlaminMP | UMNO | Kimanis | |
| Deputy Minister of Works | Datuk SeriAhmad MaslanMP | UMNO | Pontian | |
| Deputy Minister of Home Affairs | Datuk Seri Dr.Shamsul Anuar NasarahMP | UMNO | Lenggong | |
| Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development | Datuk Seri Dr.Noraini AhmadMP | UMNO | Parit Sulong | |
| Deputy Minister of Human Resources | Dato' SriAbdul Rahman MohamadMP | UMNO | Lipis | |
| Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Share of seats | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1974 | 135 / 154 | 154 | 87.7% | 1,287,400 | 60.8% |  135 seats;Governing coalition | Abdul Razak Hussein |
| 1978 | 131 / 154 | 154 | 85.1% | 1,987,907 | 57.2% |  4 seats;Governing coalition | Hussein Onn |
| 1982 | 132 / 154 | 154 | 85.7% | 2,522,079 | 60.5% | 1 seats;Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1986 | 148 / 177 | 177 | 83.6% | 2,649,263 | 57.3% | 16 seats;Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1990 | 127 / 180 | 180 | 70.6% | 2,985,392 | 53.4% | 21 seats;Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1995 | 162 / 192 | 192 | 84.4% | 3,881,214 | 65.2% | 35 seats;Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 1999 | 148 / 193 | 193 | 76.2% | 3,748,511 | 56.53% | 15 seats;Governing coalition | Mahathir Mohamad |
| 2004 | 198 / 219 | 219 | 90.4% | 4,420,452 | 63.9% | 51 seats;Governing coalition | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
| 2008 | 140 / 222 | 222 | 63.1% | 4,082,411 | 50.27% | 58 seats;Governing coalition | Abdullah Ahmad Badawi |
| 2013 | 133 / 222 | 221 | 59.9% | 5,237,555 | 47.38% | 7 seats;[54]Governing coalition | Najib Razak |
| 2018 | 79 / 222 | 222 | 35.59% | 3,794,827 | 33.96% | 54 seats;Opposition coalition (2018-2020) Governing coalition withPerikatan Nasional (2020-2022) | Najib Razak |
| 2022 | 30 / 222 | 178 | 13.51% | 3,462,231 | 22.36% | 49 seats;Governing coalition withPakatan Harapan,Gabungan Parti Sarawak,Gabungan Rakyat Sabah andParti Warisan | Ahmad Zahid Hamidi |
| State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
| 2/3 majority | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | 2 / 3 | |
| 1974 | 12 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 36 / 36 | 27 / 28 | 23 / 27 | 31 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 30 / 48 | ||
| 1976 | ||||||||||||||
| 1978 | 12 / 12 | 19 / 26 | 23 / 36 | 28 / 28 | 20 / 27 | 32 / 42 | 32 / 32 | 29 / 33 | 21 / 24 | 16 / 20 | 31 / 32 | 239 / 257 | ||
| 1979 | ||||||||||||||
| 1981 | ||||||||||||||
| 1982 | 11 / 12 | 24 / 26 | 26 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 25 / 27 | 38 / 42 | 31 / 32 | 31 / 33 | 22 / 24 | 18 / 20 | 32 / 32 | |||
| 1983 | 30 / 48 | 30 / 32 | ||||||||||||
| 1985 | 6 / 48 | 6 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1986 | 14 / 14 | 25 / 28 | 29 / 39 | 30 / 32 | 23 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 32 / 33 | 37 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 35 / 36 | 1 / 48 | 300 / 351 | |
| 1987 | 28 / 48 | 28 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1990 | 14 / 14 | 26 / 28 | 0 / 39 | 22 / 32 | 19 / 33 | 33 / 46 | 31 / 33 | 35 / 42 | 24 / 28 | 17 / 20 | 32 / 36 | 0 / 48 | 253 / 351 | |
| 1991 | 49 / 56 | 49 / 56 | ||||||||||||
| 1994 | 23 / 48 | 23 / 48 | ||||||||||||
| 1995 | 15 / 15 | 34 / 36 | 7 / 43 | 25 / 32 | 32 / 33 | 51 / 52 | 37 / 38 | 45 / 48 | 30 / 32 | 22 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 338 / 394 | ||
| 1996 | 57 / 62 | 57 / 64 | ||||||||||||
| 1999 | 12 / 15 | 24 / 36 | 2 / 43 | 4 / 32 | 30 / 33 | 44 / 52 | 30 / 38 | 42 / 48 | 32 / 32 | 21 / 25 | 40 / 40 | 31 / 48 | 312 / 329 | |
| 2001 | 60 / 62 | 60 / 62 | ||||||||||||
| 2004 | 14 / 15 | 31 / 36 | 21 / 45 | 28 / 32 | 38 / 40 | 52 / 59 | 41 / 42 | 54 / 56 | 34 / 36 | 26 / 28 | 55 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 452 / 504 | |
| 2006 | 62 / 71 | 62 / 71 | ||||||||||||
| 2008 | 14 / 15 | 14 / 36 | 6 / 45 | 24 / 32 | 11 / 40 | 28 / 59 | 37 / 42 | 20 / 56 | 21 / 36 | 23 / 28 | 50 / 56 | 59 / 60 | 307 / 504 | |
| 2011 | 55 / 71 | 55 / 71 | ||||||||||||
| 2013 | 13 / 15 | 21 / 36 | 12 / 45 | 17 / 32 | 10 / 40 | 31 / 59 | 30 / 42 | 12 / 56 | 22 / 36 | 21 / 28 | 38 / 56 | 48 / 60 | 275 / 505 | |
| 2016 | 77 / 82 | 77 / 82 | ||||||||||||
| 2018 | 10 / 15 | 3 / 36 | 8 / 45 | 10 / 32 | 2 / 40 | 24 / 59 | 25 / 42 | 4 / 56 | 16 / 36 | 13 / 28 | 16 / 56 | 29 / 60 | 160 / 505 | |
| 2020 | 14 / 73 | 14 / 41 | ||||||||||||
| 2021 | 21 / 28 | 21 / 28 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 40 / 56 | 40 / 56 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 0 / 15 | 9 / 59 | 17 / 42 | 25 / 116 | ||||||||||
| 2023 | 0 / 36 | 1 / 45 | 0 / 32 | 2 / 40 | 2 / 56 | 14 / 36 | 19 / 108 | |||||||
| 2025 | 0 / 73 | 0 / 45 | ||||||||||||
UMNO came into being in 1946 under the impetus of the Anti-Malayan Union Movement based on this ideological understanding of ketuanan Melayu. Its founding president, Dato'Onn Jaafar, once said that the UMNO movement did not adhere to any ideology other than Melayuisme, defined by scholarAriffin Omar as "the belief that the interests of the bangsa Melayu must be upheld over all else". Malay political dominance is a fundamental reality of Malaysian politics, notwithstanding the fact that the governing coalition since independence, theAlliance [subsequently expanded to form the Barisan Nasional or literally, the "National Front"], is multiethnic in its composition.
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