Abarge is typically aflat-bottomed vessel which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion.[2] Original use was on inland waterways, while modern use is on both inland andmarine water environments. The first modern barges were pulled bytugs, but on inland waterways, most are pushed bypusher boats, or other vessels.[citation needed] The termbarge has a rich history, and therefore there are many types of barges.
Barge is attested from 1300, fromOld Frenchbarge, fromVulgar Latinbarga. The word originally could refer to any small boat; the modern meaning arose around 1480.Bark "small ship" is attested from 1420, from Old Frenchbarque, from Vulgar Latinbarca (400 AD). A more precise meaning (seeBarque)) arose in the 17th century and often takes the French spelling for disambiguation. Both are probably derived from theLatinbarica, fromGreekbaris "Egyptian boat", fromCopticbari "small boat",hieroglyphic Egyptian
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and similarba-y-r for "basket-shaped boat".[3] By extension, the term "embark" literally means to board the kind of boat called a "barque".
InGreat Britain, a merchant barge was originally a flat bottomed merchant vessel for use on navigable rivers.[4] Most of these barges had sails. For traffic on theRiver Severn, the barge was described thus: "The lesser sort are called barges and frigates, being from forty to sixty feet in length, having a single mast and square sail, and carrying from twenty to forty tons burthen." The larger vessels were called trows.[5] On theRiver Irwell, there was reference to barges passing below Barton Aqueduct with their mast and sails standing.[6] Early barges on theThames were called west country barges.[4]
In the United Kingdom, the word barge had many meanings by the 1890s, and these varied locally. On theMersey, a barge was called a 'Flat', on the Thames aLighter or barge, and on theHumber a 'Keel'.[7] A Lighter had neither mast nor rigging.[8] A keel did have a single mast with sails.[7] Barge and lighter were used indiscriminately. A local distinction was that any flat that was not propelled by steam was a barge, although it might be a sailing flat.[7]
The term Dumb barge was probably taken into use to end the confusion. The term Dumb barge surfaced in the early nineteenth century. It first denoted the use of a barge as a mooring platform in a fixed place. As it went up and down with the tides, it made a very convenient mooring place for steam vessels.[9] Within a few decades, the term dumb barge evolved and came to mean: 'a vessel propelled by oars only'.[10] By the 1890s, Dumb barge was still used only on the Thames.[11]
By 1880, barges on British rivers and canals were often towed by steam tugboats.[12] On the Thames, many dumb barges still relied on their poles, oars and the tide. Others dumb barges made use of about 50 tugboats to tow them to their destinations. While many coal barges were towed, many dumb barges that handled single parcels were not.[13]
On the British river system and larger waterways, theThames sailing barge, andDutch barge and unspecified other styles of barge, are still known as barges.[14] The term Dutch barge is nowadays often used to refer to an accommodation ship, but originally refers to the slightly larger Dutch version of the Thames sailing barge.
During theIndustrial Revolution, a substantial network ofcanals was developed in Great Britain from 1750 onward. Whilst the largest of these could accommodate ocean-going vessels, e.g the laterManchester Ship Canal, a complex network of smaller canals was also developed. These smaller canals had locks, bridges and tunnels that were at minimum only 7 feet (2.1 m) wide at thewaterline. On wider sections, standard barges and other vessels could trade, but full access to the network necessitated the parallel development of thenarrowboat, which usually had a beam a couple of inches less to allow for clearance, e.g. 6 feet 10 inches (2.08 m) . It was soon realized that the narrow locks were too limiting, and later locks were therefore doubled in width to 14 feet (4.3 m). This led to the development of thewidebeam canal boat. The narrowboat (one word) definition in theOxford English Dictionary is:[15]
Narrowboat: a British canal boat of traditional long, narrow design, steered with a tiller; spec. one not exceeding 7 feet (approx. 2.1 metres) in width or 72 feet (approx. 21.9 metres) in length
The narrowboats were initially also known as barges, and the new canals were constructed with an adjacenttowpath along whichdraft horses walked, towing the barges. These types ofcanal craft are so specific that on the British canal system the term 'barge' is no longer used to describenarrowboats andwidebeams. Narrowboats and widebeams are still seen on canals, mostly for leisure cruising, and now engine-powered.[16]
The people who moved barges were known aslightermen. Poles are used on barges to fend off other nearby vessels or a wharf. These are often called 'pike poles'. The long pole used to maneuver or propel a barge has given rise to the saying "I wouldn't touch that [subject/thing] with a barge pole."[17]
In the United States a barge was not a sailing vessel by the end of the 19th century. Indeed, barges were often created by cutting down (razeeing) sailing vessels.[18] In New York this was an accepted meaning of the term barge. The somewhat smallerscow was built as such, but the scow also had its sailing counterpart the sailing scow.
The innovation that led to the modern barge was the use of iron barges towed by a steam tugboat. These were first used to transport grain and other bulk products. From about 1840 to 1870 the towed iron barge was quickly introduced on the Rhine, Danube, Don,Dniester, and rivers in Egypt, India and Australia. Many of these barges were built in Great Britain.[19]
Nowadays 'barge' generally refers to a dumb barge.[20] In Europe, a Dumb barge is:An inland waterway transport freight vessel designed to be towed which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion.[2] In America, a barge is generally pushed.[citation needed]
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Barges are used today for transporting low-value bulk items, as the cost of hauling goods that way is very low and for larger project cargo, such as offshore wind turbine blades.[21][22] Barges are also used for very heavy or bulky items; a typical American barge measures 195 by 35 feet (59.4 m × 10.7 m), and can carry up to about 1,500 short tons (1,400 t) of cargo.[21] The most common European barges measure 251 by 37 feet (76.5 m × 11.4 m) and can carry up to about 2,450 tonnes (2,700 short tons).
As an example, on June 26, 2006, in the US a 565-short-ton (513 t)catalytic cracking unit reactor was shipped by barge from theTulsa Port of Catoosa inOklahoma to a refinery inPascagoula, Mississippi. Extremely large objects are normally shipped in sections and assembled after delivery, but shipping an assembled unit reduces costs and avoids reliance on construction labor at the delivery site, which in the case of the reactor was still recovering fromHurricane Katrina. Of the reactor's 700-mile (1,100 km) journey, only about 40 miles (64 km) were traveled overland, from the final port to the refinery.
The Transportation Institute atTexas A&M found that inland barge transportation in the US produces far fewer emissions of carbon dioxide for each ton of cargo moved compared to transport by truck or rail.[23] According to the study, transporting cargo by barge produces 43% less greenhouse gas emissions than rail and more than 800% less than trucks. Environmentalists claim that in areas where barges, tugboats and towboats idle may produce more emissions like in the locks and dams of the Mississippi River.[24]
Self-propelled barges may be used for traveling downstream or upstream in placid waters; they are operated as an unpowered barge, with the assistance of a tugboat, when traveling upstream in faster waters. Canal barges are usually made for the particular canal in which they will operate.
Unpowered vessels—barges—may be used for other purposes, such as largeaccommodation vessels, towed to where they are needed and stationed there as long as necessary. An example is theBibby Stockholm.[25]
In the United States, "deck barge" may refer to flat deck barges, work flats, fuel flats or flats. Smaller flats are used in shipyards to permit workers to access vessels in drydocks.
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![Deck barge[1] carrying the Space Shuttle external tank for STS-119 under tow to Port Canaveral, Florida, United States](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPegasus_barge_being_moved_by_Freedom_Star_and_towboat_American_2.jpg)
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...never was land so easily and cheaply in the grasp of the capitalist as it is now, if he chose to put out his hand, and yet there is not a capitalist in his senses who would touch it with a barge pole.
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