 Location of the Barga | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 China | 85,803[citation needed] |
 Mongolia | 2,989[1] |
| Languages | |
| Buryat (Barga dialect) | |
| Religion | |
| Tibetan Buddhism,Shamanism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherMongolic peoples | |
TheBarga (Mongol: Барга;simplified Chinese:巴尔虎部;traditional Chinese:巴爾虎部;pinyin:Bā'ěrhǔ Bù) are a subgroup of theBuryats which gave its name to the Baikal region – "Bargujin-Tukum" (Bargujin Tökhöm) – "the land's end", according to the conception of Mongol peoples in the 13th and 14th centuries.[2]
In the 7–8th centuries, ancestors of Bargas, the Bayirku, aTurkic tribe appeared as tribes nearLake Baikal, named Bargujin. TheOld Book of Tang recorded various names, including "拔野古", "拔野固", and "拔曳固".
Genghis Khan's ancestorAlan Gua was of Barga ancestry. In theMongol Empire, they served theGreat Khans' armies. One of them named Ambaghai commanded the artillery.Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren andKhorloogiin Choibalsan were famous military commanders from Barga in the early 20th century.
The Barga supported theXianbei invasion of China and provided 8,000 horse cavalry.
The Barga (Bayegu) had revolted in 707. These revolts continued until 716 andQapaghan Qaghan, on his way back from suppressing revolts by the Uyghur, Tongluo, Baixi, Barga (Bayegu) and Pugu, was ambushed and killed by a Barga tribesman named Sijelu on 716 July 22.
After the fall of theYuan dynasty in 1368, the Barga joined theOirats against theGenghisids. However, they were scattered among the Mongols and Oirats. The Barga share the same 11 clans into which the Khori-Buryats were divided. The main body of Khori-Barga moved to the area betweenErgune river and theGreater Khingan Range where they became subject to theDaurs and SolonEwenkis. A large body of Barga Khoris fled back east to the Onon river in 1594. While some came under Russian rule, others became tributary to theKhalkha.
When theQing dynasty attacked theCossacks in the Ergune andShilka rivers in 1685–89, those Barga Mongols east of the Ergune River were deported toManchuria. The Qing court dispersed them among theChahar banners. They predominantly live inHulunbuir since the 17th century.
In 1900~1901 Russia-Manchuria Railway conflict, Manchurian commander Quan Fu led local defensive force and fought against Russian soldiers at Ongon railway station and Hargantu railway stations. 800 Barga/Solon native soldiers were killed in the event.
After theTreaty of Nerchinsk, Qing dynasty decided to increase the defensive line ofHulunbuir against Russian influence.
In 1732, under the command of Qing commander Tabhan and Bulbantsa, total 3000 (1636 Solon soldiers, 730 Dagur soldiers, 275 Barga soldiers and 359 Orqon soldiers) were selected and stationed in Hulunbuir mostly from non Muren area. After 2000 soldiers were forced to joinDzungar-Qing wars in 1733, mostly Barga soldiers were left to protect this area. They became "Old Barga", since they arrived before New Barga.
In order to supportDzungar–Qing Wars, 2000 Solon Barga soldiers were selected byQing commander Jorhai in 1733 to fight against Dzungar and local defence was left with merely 1,100 soldiers. Thus it became extremely important to increase local defense against RussianCossack.
In 1734, the Barga Mongols who had been left under the Khalkhanoyans complained of the mistreatment of their lords and the Qing authority selected 2,984 Barga Mongolian soldiers in Khalkha and stationed them with their families inKhölönbuir, Dornod. They became "New Barga", since they arrived after Old Barga.
In 1733, 2000 soldiers (mostly Solon Barga soldiers from the forest tribes) were forced to joinDzungar-Qing Wars. They never returned.
In 1755, 3000 Barga soldiers were forced to joinDzungar-Qing Wars. They never returned.
In 1758, 3000 Barga teenagers were forced to joinDzungar-Qing Wars, since there were not enough adults. They never returned.
In 1840, some Barga soldiers (numbers unknown) joinedFirst Opium War, and some of them returned home in 1841.
In other occasions, 750~50 Barga soldiers were selected to supportQing dynasty campaigns for around 20 times.
In 1901, 800 local Barga soldiers were killed inChinese Eastern Railway construction.
In 1939, local Barga people were forced to join theSoviet–Japanese border conflicts.The unclear border definition between New Barga Left Banner andDornod (where Barga originally lived) was the major excuse for the start ofBattles of Khalkhin Gol.
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Derenkoet al. (2012) tested blood samples of 149 unrelated Barghuts collected in different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak, Inner Mongolia, China. The mtDNA of the sampled Barghuts belonged predominantly to East Eurasian haplogroups, in particularhaplogroup D4 (52/149 = 34.9%),haplogroup C4 (24/149 = 16.1%), andhaplogroup G2a (13/149 = 8.7%), with those three clades by themselves accounting for approximately 60% of the entire sample. Their D4 mtDNA is diverse, with the most frequently observed subclades being D4j (TMRCA 16,210 [95% CI 10,600 <-> 21,970] ybp;[3] 14/149 = 9.4% D4j, including 4/149 D4j9, 3/149 D4j3, 3/149 D4j*, 1/149 D4j1a, 1/149 D4j2, 1/149 D4j4, and 1/149 D4j5) and D4b (TMRCA 28,440 [95% CI 19,260 <-> 37,960] ybp;[3] 12/149 = 8.1% D4b, including 5/149 D4b1a2, 2/149 D4b2b1c, 2/149 D4b2c, 2/149 D3, and 1/149 D4b1a1). Their haplogroup C4 mtDNA is somewhat less diverse, with half belonging to the C4a1a subclade (TMRCA 11,330 [95% CI 6,090 <-> 16,720] ybp;[3] 12/149 = 8.1% C4a1a, including 6/149 C4a1a1, 3/149 C4a1a2, 1/149 C4a1a, 1/149 C4a1a1a2, and 1/149 C4a1a2a2). The Barghuts' G2a mtDNA predominantly belongs to the G2a1 subclade (9/149), but G2a5 (2/149) and G2a* (2/149) are also represented. Among the rarer mtDNA haplogroups of East Eurasian origin,B4c1a2 (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 3,120 <-> 10,960] ybp;[4] 5/149 = 3.4% B4c1a2) stands out for its being relatively common among the sampled Barghuts. A minority (12/149 = 8.1%) of the sampled Barghuts belonged to West Eurasian mtDNA haplogroupsU (7/149 = 4.7% U, including 1/149 U2e1, 1/149 U5b1b1, 1/149 U7a, 2/149 U8a1, 1/149 K1a13, and 1/149 K2a5) andHV (5/149 = 3.4% HV, including 1/149 H20, 1/149 H5a, 1/149 H7b, 1/149 HV1a, and 1/149 HV5).[4]
The Y-DNA of Barghuts is similar to that ofBuryats, with both populations bearing mainlyC-M407 andN-Tat. Malyarchuket al. (2016) tested a sample of 76 Barghut males and assigned their Y-DNA to C-M407 (42/76 = 55.3%), N-Tat (21/76 = 27.6%), andC-M217(xM407) (8/76 = 10.5%), with singletons belonging tohaplogroup G-M201,haplogroup J2a-M410,haplogroup T-M70,haplogroup O2-M122, andhaplogroup R2a-M124.[5]
In 1907, there were over 1,764,457 domestic animals raised by Barga, including 170,172 horses, 124,398 cattle, 9,011 camels, 1,407,586 sheep and 53,290 goats.
New Barga took 76.8% of domestic animals and Old Barga took the rest.
Local folks have a lot of tales about Bayan Barga Rich families.
The Barga are Tibetan Buddhists. They converted around the 17th and 18th centuries due to Mongol influence. However, shamanism still retains a significant influence in Barga beliefs and culture.[6]
