The swamp deer differs from all other Indian deer species in that theantlers carry more than threetines. Because of this distinctive character it is designatedbārah-singgā, meaning "twelve-horned" inHindi.[4] Maturestags usually have 10 to 14 tines, and some have been known to have up to 20.[5]
InAssamese,barasingha is calleddolhorina;dol meaning swamp.
The barasingha is a large deer with a shoulder height of 44 to 46 in (110 to 120 cm) and a head-to-body length of nearly 6 ft (180 cm). Its hair is rather woolly and yellowish brown above but paler below, with white spots along the spine. The throat, belly, inside of the thighs and beneath the tail is white. In summer, the coat becomes bright rufous-brown. The neck is maned. Females are paler than males. Young are spotted. Average antlers measure 30 in (76 cm) round the curve with a girth of 5 in (13 cm) at mid beam.[6] A record antler measured 104.1 cm (41.0 in) round the curve.[5]
Stags weigh 170 to 280 kg (370 to 620 lb). Females are less heavy, weighing about 130 to 145 kg (287 to 320 lb).[7] Large stags have weighed from 460 to 570 lb (210 to 260 kg).[4]
Barasingha herd inKanha National Park, Madhya PradeshBarasingha stagIllustration of barasingha antlers[6]
Swamp deer were once common in many areas, including parts of the UpperNarmada Valley and to the south, inBastar, prior to the 19th century.[6] They frequent flat or undulatinggrasslands, floodplains and marshes, and generally stay on the outskirts of forests. At times, they are also found in open forest.[4] In the 1960s, the total population was estimated to be between 1,600-2,150 individuals in India, with about 1,600 inNepal. Today, the distribution is further reduced and fragmented, due to major losses in the 1930s–1960s following unregulated hunting and conversion of large tracts of habitat into cropland.
In 2005, a small population of about 320 individuals was discovered in the Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve inHaridwar district,Uttarakhand, on the east bank of theGanges. This likely represents the most northerly limit of the species.[15][16]
Western swamp deerR. d. duvauceli (Cuvier, 1823) – the nominate subspecies, and most abundant, this water-loving deer has splayed hooves and is adapted to the flooded grassland habitat of theIndo-Gangetic plain;[18] in the early 1990s, populations in India were estimated at 1,500–2,000 individuals, and 1,500–1,900 individuals in the Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve of Nepal;[9] the latter population reached 2,170 individuals, including 385 fawns, in spring 2013.[19] While few zoos or wildlife parks keep barasingha, internationally, theSan Diego Zoo (and its connectedSafari Park), inCalifornia, United States, has successfully cared-for and bred the western barasingha since the 1970s. Much of their breeding success has been due to the sprawling, naturalistic environment the animals live in, a 150-acre field exhibit called the "Asian Plains"—a setting not unlike their native habitat on the Indo-Gangetic plain. Other Indian species that are mixed with the swamp deer include bharal, blackbuck, chinkara, chital, gaur, hog deer, Indian rhinoceros, nilgai, sambar, tahr and wild boar, as well assarus cranes.
Southern swamp deerR. d. branderi (Pocock 1943) – has hard hooves and is adapted to hard ground in opensal forest, with a grass understorey;[18] survives only in theKanha National Park, an area between states, to the west of Chhattisgarh and east of Madhya Pradesh. The population numbered about 500 individuals in 1988; 300–350 individuals were estimated at the turn of the century;[9] and 750 in 2016. It was reintroduced intoSatpura Tiger Reserve.[20] There is a herd of southern barasingha in the United Kingdom, at thePort Lympne Wild Animal Park,Kent, England.[21]
Swamp deer at Kahna National Park, Madhya PradeshSwamp deer in Satpura Tiger Reserve
Eastern swamp deerR. d. ranjitsinhi (Grooves 1982) – is only found in Assam, where the population numbered about 700 individuals in 1978; 400–500 individuals were estimated inKaziranga National Park at the turn of the century.[9] After a census conducted in 2021, 868 individuals were estimated in the park, with a further 121 inManas National Park.[22]
Swamp deer are mainlygrazers.[4] They largely feed on grasses and aquatic plants, foremost onSaccharum,Imperata cylindrica,Narenga porphyrocoma,Phragmites karka,Oryza rufipogon,Hygroryza andHydrilla. They feed throughout the day with peaks during the mornings and late afternoons to evenings. In winter and monsoon, they drink water twice, and thrice or more in summer. In the hot season, they rest in the shade of trees during the day.[9]
In central India, the herds comprise on average about 8–20 individuals, with large herds of up to 60. There are twice as many females than males. During therut they form large herds of adults. The breeding season lasts from September to April, and births occur after agestation of 240–250 days in August to November. The peak is in September and October inKanha National Park.[7] They give birth to single calves.[7]
Herd of swamp deer grazing in Kahna National Park, Madhya PradeshBarasingha stags rutting in Kanha National Park, Madhya PradeshA barasingha mother and fawn in Assam
When alarmed, they give out shrill, baying alarm calls.[5] Compared to other deer species, barasingha are more relaxed when it comes to guarding. They have fewer sentries and they spend most of their time grazing, unlike deer species like spotted deer or sambar deer.[23]
The swamp deer populations outside protected areas and seasonally migrating populations are threatened bypoaching for antlers and meat, which are sold in local markets. Swamp deer lost most of its former range because wetlands were converted and used for agriculture so that suitable habitat was reduced to small and isolated fragments.[9] The remaining habitat in protected areas is threatened by the change in river dynamics, reduced water flow during summer, increasingsiltation, and is further degraded by local people who cut grass, timber and fuelwood,[1] and by illegal farming on government land.[24]
George Schaller wrote: "Most of these remnants have or soon will have reached the point of no return."[7]
Abarasingh (asKipling writes the name) is mentioned ten times inThe Miracle of Purun Bhagat, the second story inThe Second Jungle Book. As that part of the story is set in the Himalayas, it is probably meant to be a member of the relictRucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii population living on both sides of the India – Nepal border.[29]
^abcdefghQureshi Q, Sawarkar VB, Rahmani AR, Mathur PK (2004). "Swamp Deer or Barasingha (Cervus duvauceli Cuvier, 1823".Envis Bulletin.7:181–192.
^Choudhury, A. U. (2003).The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh. Regency Publications, New DelhiISBN81-87498-80-3.
^Choudhury, A. U. (1997).Checklist of the mammals of Assam. 2nd ed. Gibbon Books & Assam Science Technology & Environment Council, Guwahati, India.ISBN81-900866-0-X
^Choudhury, A. U. (2004).Kaziranga: Wildlife in Assam. Rupa & Co., New Delhi.
^Choudhury, A. U. (1986).Manas Sanctuary threatened by extraneous factors. The Sentinel.
^Tewari, R. and Rawat, G.S. (2013). Activity pattern and diurnal time budget of swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii) in Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. NeBIO 4 (3): 36–40.
^Nandy, S., Kushwaha, S.P.S. and Gaur, P. 2012. Identification of swamp deer (Cervus duvauceli duvauceli Cuvier) potential habitat in Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve, Uttarakhand, India using multi-criteria analysis. Environmental Management 49 (4): 902–914.
^Groves, C. (1982). "Geographic variation in the Barasingha or Swamp Deer (Cervus duvauceli)".Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.79:620–629.
^abPocock R. (1943).The larger deer of British India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 43: 553–572.
^McCarthy, A., Blouch, R., Moore, D., and Wemmer, C. M. (1998).Deer: status survey and conservation action plan IUCN Deer Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
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