| Bandelier National Monument | |
|---|---|
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape) | |
 Reconstructed kiva at Alcove House | |
   | |
| Location | Sandoval,Los Alamos andSanta Fe counties,New Mexico,United States |
| Nearest town | Los Alamos, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 35°46′44″N106°19′16″W / 35.77889°N 106.32111°W /35.77889; -106.32111[1] |
| Area | 33,677 acres (136.29 km2)[2] |
| Created | February 11, 1916 |
| Visitors | 210,941 (in 2022)[3] |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | Bandelier National Monument |
Bandelier National Monument | |
| Built | 1200 (1200) |
| NRHP reference No. | 66000042[4] (original) 14001017[5] (increase) |
| NMSRCP No. | 56 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | October 15, 1966 |
| Boundary increase | December 10, 2014 |
| Designated NMSRCP | May 21, 1971 |
Bandelier National Monument is a 33,677-acre (136 km2) United StatesNational Monument nearLos Alamos inSandoval andLos Alamos counties,New Mexico. The monument preserves the homes and territory of theAncestral Puebloans of a later era in theSouthwest. Most of the pueblo structures date to two eras, dating between AD 1150 and 1600.
The monument comprises 50 square miles (130 km2) of thePajarito Plateau, on the slopes of the Jemez volcanic field in theJemez Mountains. Over 70% of the monument iswilderness, with over one mile of elevation change, from about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) along theRio Grande to over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) at the peak ofCerro Grande on the rim of theValles Caldera, providing for a wide range of life zones and wildlife habitats. 3 miles (5 km) of road and more than 70 miles (110 km) of hiking trails are built. The monument protectsAncestral Pueblo archeological sites, a diverse and scenic landscape, and the country's largest National Park ServiceCivilian Conservation Corps National Landmark District. Two-thirds of the park, 23,267 acres (9,416 ha), is designated as the Bandelier Wilderness Area. Motorized travel and permanent structures are forbidden in the Wilderness.
Bandelier was designated by PresidentWoodrow Wilson as a national monument on February 11, 1916, and named forAdolph Bandelier, a Swiss-Americananthropologist, who researched the cultures of the area and supported preservation of the sites. The park infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps and is aNational Historic Landmark for its well-preserved architecture. TheNational Park Service cooperates with surrounding Pueblos, other federal agencies, and state agencies to manage the park.
In October 1976, roughly 70% of the monument, 23,267 acres (9,416 ha), was included within theNational Wilderness Preservation System.[6] The park's elevations range from about 5,000 feet (1,500 m) at the Rio Grande to over 10,200 feet (3,100 m) at the summit of Cerro Grande.[7] TheValles Caldera National Preserve adjoins the monument on the north and west, extending into the Jemez Mountains.
Much of the area was covered withvolcanic ash (theBandelier Tuff) from an eruption of theValles Caldera volcano 1.14 million years ago. The tuff overlaysshales andsandstones deposited during thePermian Period andlimestone ofPennsylvanian age. The volcanic outflow varied in hardness; the Ancestral Puebloans broke up the firmer materials to use as bricks, while they carved out dwellings from the softer material.[8]
Human presence in the area has been dated to over 10,000 years[citation needed]before present. Permanent settlements by ancestors of thePuebloan peoples have been dated to 1150CE; these settlers had moved closer to the Rio Grande by 1550.[9] The distribution ofbasalt andobsidian artifacts from the area, along with other traded goods, rock markings, and construction techniques, indicate that its inhabitants were part of a regional trade network that included what is now Mexico.[10] Spanish colonial settlers arrived in the 18th century. The Pueblo Jose Montoya broughtAdolph Bandelier to visit the area in 1880. Looking over the cliff dwellings, Bandelier said, "It is the grandest thing I ever saw."[11]
Based on documentation and research by Bandelier, support began for preserving the area and President Woodrow Wilson signed the declaration creating the monument in 1916. Supporting infrastructure, including a lodge, was built during the 1920s and 1930s. The structures at the monument built during theGreat Depression by the Civilian Conservation Corps constitute the largest assembly of CCC-built structures in a national park area that has not been altered by new structures in the district. This group of 31 buildings illustrates the guiding principles ofNational Park Service Rustic architecture, being based on local materials and styles. It has been designated as a national landmark district.
DuringWorld War II, the monument area was closed to the public for several years, since the lodge was being used to house personnel working on theManhattan Project atLos Alamos to develop an atom bomb.[12] In 2019, SenatorMartin Heinrich (D-NM), announced plans to introduce legislation to redesignate Bandelier National Monument as a national park and preserve.[13]
Frijoles Canyon contains a number of ancestral pueblo homes,kivas (ceremonial structures),rock paintings, andpetroglyphs. Some of the dwellings were rock structures built on thecanyon floor; others werecavates produced by voids in the volcanic tuff of the canyon wall and carved out further by humans. A 1.2-mile (1.9 km), predominantly paved, "Main Loop Trail" from the visitor center affords access to these features. A trail extending beyond this loop leads toAlcove House (formerly called Ceremonial Cave, and still so identified on some maps), a shelter cave produced byerosion of the soft rock and containing a small, reconstructed kiva thathikers may enter via ladder.
One site of archaeological interest in the canyon isTyuonyi (Que-weh-nee) Pueblo and nearby building sites, such as Long House. Tyuonyi is a circular pueblo site that once stood one to three stories tall. Long House is adjacent to Tyounyi, built along and supported by the walls of the canyon. A reconstructed Talus House is also found along the Main Loop Trail.
These sites date from thePueblo III Era (1150 to 1350) to thePueblo IV Era (1350 to 1600). The age of the Tyuonyi construction has been fairly well established by thetree-ring method of dating, widely and successfully used by archeologists in the Southwest. Ceiling-beam fragments recovered from various rooms have been dated between 1383 and 1466. This general period seems to have been a time of much building in Frijoles Canyon; a score of tree-ring dates from the Rainbow House ruin, which is down the canyon a half-mile, also fall in the early and middle 15th century. Perhaps the last construction anywhere in Frijoles Canyon occurred close to 1500, with a peak of population reached near that time or shortly thereafter.
The century before Tyuonyi's construction is thought to have been characterized by intense change and migration in the Ancestral Puebloan culture. The period of highest population density in Frijoles Canyon corresponds to a period contemporaneous with a wide-scale migration of Ancestral Puebloans away from theFour Corners area, which was suffering a deepdrought, environmental stress, and social unrest in thePueblo III period. Scholars believe that some Ancestral Puebloan groups relocated into theRio Grande valley, southeast of their former territories, founding Tyuonyi and nearby sites. The pueblo was abandoned by 1600. The inhabitants relocated to pueblos near the Rio Grande, such asCochiti andSan Ildefonso Pueblos, which have been occupied ever since.
Other, more rustic trails enter the backcountry, which contains additional smaller archaeological sites,canyon/mesa country, and some transient waterfalls. Hikes to many of these areas are feasible and range in length from short (<1 hour) excursions to multi-daybackpacks. Some of the backcountry sites have been submerged, damaged, or rendered inaccessible byCochiti Lake, areservoir on theRio Grande created to reduce the seasonalflooding that threatened communities and agricultural areas downstream.
A detached portion of the monument, called theTsankawi unit, is located near the town ofLos Alamos. It has some excavated sites andpetroglyphs. Also at the Tsankawi unit are the remains of the home and school for indigenous people established in the late 19th century by BaronessVera von Blumenthal and her loverRose Dougan (or Dugan).
In the upper elevations of the monument,Nordic skiing is possible on a small network of trails reachable from New Mexico Highway 4. Not every winter produces snowfall sufficient to allow good skiing.
Wildlife is locally abundant, anddeer andAbert's squirrels are frequently encountered in Frijoles Canyon.Black bear andmountain lions inhabit the monument and may be encountered by the backcountry hiker. A substantial herd ofelk are present during the winter months, when snowpack forces them down from their summer range in theJemez Mountains.
Notable among the smaller mammals of the monument are large numbers ofbats that seasonally inhabit shelter caves in the canyon walls, sometimes including those of Frijoles Canyon near the loop trail.Wild turkeys,vultures,ravens, several species ofbirds of prey, and a number ofhummingbird species are common.Rattlesnakes,tarantulas, andhorned lizards are occasionally seen along the trails.
The visitor center at Bandelier National Monument features exhibits about the site's inhabitants, including Ancestral Pueblo pottery, tools and artifacts of daily life. Two life-sizedioramas demonstrate Pueblo life in the past and today. Also featured are contemporary Pueblo pottery pieces, 14 pastel artworks byWorks Progress Administration artistHelmut Naumer Sr, and wood furniture and tinwork pieces created by theCivilian Conservation Corps during the Depression. A 10-minute introductory film provides an overview of the monument.
The National Park service has noted several designated trails, advising visitors to bring adequate safe water supplies on some trails.
ThePueblo Loop Trail (previously called theMain Loop Trail) is 1.4 miles (2.3 km) long and loops through archeological areas, including theBig Kiva,Tyuonyi,Talus House, andLong House. It will take between 45 minutes to one hour. There are some optional ladders to allow access to the cavates (small human-carved alcoves).[14]
Prior to the construction of the modern entrance road, theFrey Trail was the only access to the canyon. Originally, the parking lot was at the canyon rim. Today, the trail starts at the campground amphitheater. The trail is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) one way. There is an elevation change of 550 feet (170 m).[15]
TheAlcove House trail begins at the west end of theMain Loop trail and extends 0.5 miles (800 m) to Alcove House. Previously called theCeremonial Cave, the alcove is located 140 feet (43 m) above the floor of Frijoles Canyon. This pueblo was the home of around 25 Ancestral Pueblo people. Except in winter, the site is reached by four wooden ladders and stone stairs. Alcove House has a reconstructed kiva that offers views ofviga holes and niches of several homes.[16]
As of spring 2013, however, access to the kiva's interior is closed indefinitely for safety reasons associated with stabilization of the structure. Ladders and stairs have been reopened to public use.
TheFalls Trail starts at the east end of the Backcountry Parking Lot (adjacent to the Cottonwood Picnic Area). Over its 2.5 miles (4.0 km), it descends 700 feet (200 m), passing two waterfalls and ending at theRio Grande. But, trail damage resulting from the 2011Las Conchas Fire has led to the indefinite, and possibly permanent, closure of the trail beyond Upper Frijoles Falls, pending remediation. In addition to the elevation change, the trail's challenges include steep dropoffs at many places along the trail and a lack of bridges overFrijoles Creek. These continue to factors on the portion of the trail that is open.[17]
The 2.5 miles (4 km)Frijolito Loop Trail is more strenuous. It starts in the Cottonwood Picnic Area and climbs out of Frijoles Canyon using a switchback path. Once on top of the mesa, it passesFrijolito Pueblo. It returns to the visitor center along theLong Trail.[18]
Additional backcountry trails extend into the designated wilderness of the monument, crossing Alamo and Capulin Canyons and connecting with the Dome Trailhead on theSanta Fe National Forest. As there is much less visitor use of these trails, trail conditions can vary. This backcountry system was designated as aNational Recreation Trail in 1982.[19]
Bandelier CCC Historic District | |
.jpg) Superintendent's Residence, Bandelier CCC Historic District, in 1984 | |
| Area | 54 acres (22 ha) |
|---|---|
| Built | 1933 (1933) |
| Architect | Lyle Bennett; Et al. |
| Architectural style | Pueblo Revival |
| NRHP reference No. | 87001452[4] |
| NMSRCP No. | 56 |
| Significant dates | |
| Added to NRHP | May 28, 1987 |
| Designated NHLD | May 28, 1987[20] |
| Designated NMSRCP | May 21, 1971 |
Bandelier has excellent examples ofCCC-constructedNational Park Service Rustic style of architecture, built during theGreat Depression by work crews while the area was managed by theU.S. Forest Service. The Bandelier CCC camp employed several thousand men from 1933 to 1941 as aNew Deal works project, and built roads, trails, and park buildings and other amenities. In 1943, camp provided temporary housing for scientists, technicians, and their families involved in the secretManhattan Project at nearbyLos Alamos. Construction contractors were housed there in early 1944.[21]
The park's service area was designed to resemble a traditional Pueblo village. Most of the CCC-built buildings are set around a wooded plaza at the end of the main access road (also a CCC construction), and were designed to house the monument staff, provide accommodations and services for visitors, and included maintenance areas. These historic structures include the Frey Lodge (park headquarters); the guest cabins (employee housing), the gift shop, and the park visitor center. The CCC crews also built furniture for these facilities, and artists paid by the Federal Arts Project provided artwork. The preserved elements of the CCC construction were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.[22][21][20][23]
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help) andAccompanying 29 photos, from 1984 (32 KB)
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