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Bala Krishna (Sanskrit:बाल कृष्ण,romanized: Bālakṛṣṇa,lit. 'child Krishna/divine child Krishna')[1][2] orBala Gopala, refers to the boyhood form of theHindu deityKrishna.[3] The worship of Krishna as a divine child was historically one of the early forms of worship inKrishnaism.
The eighth son ofDevaki andVasudeva,Krishna was born to fulfil the prophecy of slaying his tyrannical uncle and the king ofMathura,Kamsa. As soon as he was born in a prison with his parents, he asked his father to carry him to the region ofVraja, where he would spend his childhood among the cowherds, along with his brother,Balarama.[4] In the settlement ofGokulam, he was raised by his foster-parents,Yashoda andNanda.[5]
As a toddler, Krishna is best recognised for his tales of mischievous antics, such as stealing butter from the families of the cowherds of Gokulam.[6] Butter is often interpreted as a metaphor for love in the traditions of Krishna-devotion, associated with its properties of non-quantifiability and abundance. The child Krishna also untethers cows, teases children, and expresses a disdain for social conventions. This is often interpreted as a part of hislīlā, his divine play in which he intimately interacts with the world around him.[7]
Bala Krishna is also said to have performed a number of miraculous acts.[8] His tyrannical uncle, Kamsa, hearing of his birth, sent a number of maliciousasuras and beasts to murder him, but all of their efforts were foiled.Putana, a shapeshifting demoness, was killed when the baby Krishna sucked her life from her by taking the poisoned breast she offered him.[9] Another asura namedBakasura assumed the form of a crane or a stork and attempted to swallow Krishna, but he was slain instead when the deity broke his beak.[10] WhenAghasura, assuming the form of a snake, swallowed Krishna and his friends, the deity grew to a massive size within him, slaying him.[11]
Some of his legends are associated with liberation, as in theBhagavata Purana's story ofManigriva andNalakuvara. The sons ofKubera, the god of wealth, these brothers are described to have once caroused with maidens atShiva's mountain pleasure garden, when the divine sage,Narada, appeared. While the girls respectfully covered themselves, the brothers ignored him, their arrogance caused by their great wealth. This prompted Narada to curse them to take the forms of two motionless trees until they were freed by Krishna. Once, in order to prevent her son from causing further mischief, Yashoda tied him up to a grinding mortar. The child Krishna was still able to crawl away, and found himself being wedged between twoarjuna trees. His waist tethered to the mortar behind him, Krishna pulled, uprooting the trees. Freed from Narada's curse, Manigriva and Nalakuvara assumed their true forms, and offered their obeisance to the deity before they returned to their abode.[12]
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In one of his most popular legends, Krishna's playmates are said to have accused him of eating mud to Yashoda. When Yashoda started to scold him, Krishna denied this claim, and opened his mouth wide so that she could see for herself. Yashoda witnessed a cosmic vision of all matter within his mouth, observing space, the cardinal directions, earth and its islands, oceans, and mountains, constellations, the mind, the elements, and finally also herself in his gaping mouth, leaving her bewildered.[13]
In his iconography, he is often depicted as a small child crawling on his hands and knees, or dancing with a piece of butter in his hand.[14][15]
In theBhagavad Gita, one interpretation speculates Krishna teaching a universal monotheistic religion, a revelation of him being theSvayam Bhagavan. The childhood episodes of Krishna's legend became the focus of the medieval devotional cults that started to develop into a number of movements in medieval India.[9]
The worship of Bala Krishna, the divine child, while a significant feature of the Krishna religion, often receives less attention,[16] despite being one of the most popular deities of Krishna in many parts of India today.[1] Early evidence of such worship can be found or as early as the 4th century BCE, according to evidence inMegasthenes and in theArthashastra ofKautilya, whenVāsudeva, as the son ofVasudeva, was worshipped as the supreme deity in a strongly monotheistic format, where the Supreme Being was perfect, eternal, and full of grace.[17]
The veneration of Bala Krishna is included as a part of the various forms of worship that culminated with the worship of Krishna as theSvayam Bhagavan in various schools ofVaishnavism. The monotheistic tradition ofBhagavatism, and the cults ofGopala Krishna,Radha Krishna, andVasudeva-Krishna, form the basis of the current tradition of Krishnaism, as well as Krishna in mainstream Vaishnavism.[1]
A prominent historical site dedicated to the veneration of Bala Krishna is the Balakrishna temple inHampi, built by theVijayanagara rulerKrishnadevaraya in 1513 CE. The main altar of this temple is dedicated to Bala Krishna, and it is one of the rare temples where the stories of thePuranas are carved on the walls of the temple and itsrajagopuram.[18]
TheUdupi Sri Krishna Matha is also a notable site that contains amurti of Bala Krishna. According to regional legend, it is believed to have been transported by sea fromDvaraka.[19] It is also regarded to be the same image that was venerated by the chief queen ofKrishna,Rukmini. The saintMadhvacharya is regarded to have placed the image that is observed by pilgrims to this day.[20] Thesacred lamps at this statue of Bala Krishna regarded to have been recovered from the sea in the 14th century were said to have been lit byMadhvacharya himself and are being always kept alight, and that is for the last 700 years.[21][22]
At the very beginning of his work to establishHinduKrishna temples in the west, theGaudiyaguruBhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada wanted to establish a prominent temple inNew York City dedicated to Bala Krishna, even before startingISKCON. He wrote the following to one of his supporters in India:[23]
I think therefore that a temple of Bala Krishna in New York may immediately be started for this purpose. And as a devotee of Lord Bala Krishna, you should execute this great and noble work. Till now there is no worshipable temple of the Hindus in New York, although in India there are so many American missionary establishments and churches.
— to S. Morarji, 1965[23]
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