بختیاری | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| 1 million (2001)[1] 3 to 6 million (2020)[2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Iran:Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, parts of:Khuzestan,Isfahan,Markazi,Lorestan | |
| Languages | |
| Bakhtiari Luri | |
| Religion | |
| Shia Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherLurs |
TheBakhtiari (also spelledBakhtiyari;Persian:بختیاری) are aLur tribe[3] fromIran. They speak theBakhtiari dialect of theLuri language.[4][5]
Bakhtiaris primarily inhabitChaharmahal and Bakhtiari and easternKhuzestan,Lorestan,Bushehr, andIsfahan provinces. Bakhtiari tribes have an especially large population concentration in the cities ofMasjed Soleyman,Izeh,Shahr-e Kord, andAndika, and the surrounding villages.[6]
A small percentage of Bakhtiari are stillnomadicpastoralists, migrating between summer quarters (sardsīr oryaylāq) and winter quarters (garmsīr orqishlāq).[7]
Although there have been several suggested theories for the origin of the Bakhtiyaris, historians and researchers generally agree that they are Lurs. According to folklore, the Lurs are descended from a group of youngsters who survived and fled from the demonZahhak, a demonic figure who is mentioned inZoroastrian mythology, as well as theShahnameh. They took shelter inZardkuh andKuhrang, where they named themselves Lur ("nomadic"). Due to their luck of escaping danger throughout their history, they called themselvesbakhtiyar ("fortunate"). In scholarship, it has been suggested Bakhtiyaris are descended from theUxian tribe, who clashed with theMacedonian kingAlexander the Great (r. 336–323 BC) inKhuzestan 330 BC.[8]
A second theory suggests that the Bakhtiyaris were originally fromFars, but were settled to the north ofIsfahan and Khuzestan after the legendary kingKay Khosrow conqueredMedia. A third theory suggests that the Bakhtiyaris were descended from the Mardi, a nomadic warrior tribe that lived around theCaspian coast of northern Iran. Due to the close resemblance to the names Bakhtiyari and Bakhtari (Bactrian), some historians have suggested that the Bakhtiyaris are descended from the Greeks who ruled over Bactria. The resemblance between Bakhtiyari and Greek dance has been used as further proof. Other historians consider the Bakhtiyaris to have resided in their area for a long time, and that they named themselves after the ancient Persian wordBakhtar ("the West") due to their geographical position.[8]
Another theory supported by some historians is that the Bakhtiyaris are descended fromIzz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar (r. 967–978), theBuyid ruler ofIraq. The name of the latter is first attestation of the word Bakhtiyar. The Bakhtiyaris themselves consider their name to be derived from the word Bakhtiyarwand, the name of the offspring of Bakhtiyar, a distinguished figure of Lur-i Buzurg (Greater Lur).[8]
The termbakhtiari can be best translated as "companion of fortune" or "bearer of good luck"[9] The term has deep Persian roots, and is the result of two smaller wordsbakht andyar complied together.Bakht is the Persian word for "fortune" andyar,iar,iari literally means "companion".[9]
The latter designation largely relates to the nature of the tribe's annual "migration". This has to do with the harsh nature of Bakhtiari life, and overcoming of countless difficulties that Bakhtiaris have faced in the Zagros ranges. In this sense, Bakhtiaris view themselves as a hardworking tribe, facing numerous obstacles every day, and yet fortunate enough to overcome each of these challenges as a solid unit.[9]
Nevertheless, the origins of Bakhtiaris are ancient, and it may have very well been the case that the tribe underwent a series of name changes throughout its history. However it is mostly claimed that the designation "Bakhtiari" came largely into use some time in antiquity.[10]
InThe Ascent of Man,Jacob Bronowski states that "The Bakhtiari take their name from a legendary herdsman ofMongol times, Bakhtyar," who according to a Bakhtiariorigin myth is "the father of [their] people".[11] Bronowski points out similarities between Bakhtyar and the IsraeliteJacob, who was also the ancestral patriarch of his nomadic people and a herdsman who had two wives.[11]
Inc. 913, Lorestan was split up into realms; Lur-i Buzurg (Greater Lur) and Lur-i Kuchak (Lesser Lur). The Bakhtiyaris are first attested in history in the early 15th-century. In 1413, the arrival of several Bakhtiyari clans such as the Astarki, Kutwand, Raki, Janaki and Zallaki are mentioned by theTimurid-era historian Mu'in al-Din Natanzi. Under theSafavids, Lur-i Kuchak became known as Luristan-i Fili, while Lur-i Buzurg (extending from Isfahan toKohgiluyeh and fromShushtar toBehbahan) became Bakhtiyari land. In 1566,Shah Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576) selected the Astarki chieftain Tajmir asilkhan of the Bakhtiyari. He was, however, later killed and succeeded by Jahangir Khan Bakhtiyari, who is responsible for splitting the Bakhtiyaris into two groups, the Haft Lang and Chahar Lang. By the time of the reign ofShah Abbas I (r. 1588–1629), the northern part of Lur-i Buzurg became known as Bakhtiyari.[8]
Constitutional Revolution: In Iran's contemporary history, the Bakhtiari have played a significant role; particularly during the advent of the country'sConstitutional Revolution (1905–1907).[12] This event was largely secured through the Bakhtari campaign, which eventually deposedMohammad Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1907–1909).[13] The Bakhtiari tribesmen, under the leadership of the Haft Lang khansSardar Assad and his brother Najaf Qoli Khan Bakhtiari-Saad ad-Daula (also referred to as Samsam-os Saltane), capturedTehran and, as a result, saved the revolution.[14][15] These events eventually led to the abdication ofMohammad Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1907–1909) in 1909, and his exile to Russia. This incident securedSaad ad-Daula the position of Prime Minister in the period that followed the abdication of the Qajar Shah. Nonetheless, with Russian backing, the Shah would soon return in 1911 by landing with a coalition of forces atAstarabad .[16] However, his efforts to reclaim his throne would bear no fruit.[16] In this sense, the Bakhtiaris played a critical role in saving the revolution from the Qajar forces.[13]
World War I: During thePersian campaign of 1915, the German agentWilhelm Wassmus traveled toBushehr under the protection of BakhtiaraKhan. Paradoxically, it was the Bakhtiari tribe that the British entrusted with guarding thePersian oil pipeline at Karun, for which they were paid very handsomely. At the same time, the British hoped to make the tribe a reliable ally.[17]
Pahlavi Period: With the expansion of Bakhtiari influence, urban elites (particularly in Tehran) began to worry in regards to a potential Bakhtiari takeover of Persia's affairs. Prior to this point, the Bakhtiari had largely remained within their own territorial boundaries. The Bakhtiari influence would continue to play an important role within the early 20th century politics of Iran.Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–1941) made the destruction of the Bakhtiari influence his mission.[18] The existence of oil on Bakhtiari territory further motivated the Pahlavi monarch to undermine the autonomy of the tribe, and force its population to adhere to the commands of the central government.[18]Reza Shah Pahlavi would eventually execute a few noteworthy tribal leaders to crush Bakhtiari autonomy and maintain control over the tribe. Amongst the executed Khans was Mohammad Reza Khan (Sardar-e-Fateh), whose son later became the Pahlavi Prime MinisterShapour Bakhtiar.[19] The latter event was a turning point for Bakhtiari and their rise within Iranian politics.[19]
The Bakhtiari are noted in Iran for their music which inspired Russian composerAlexander Borodin.[20]
Bakhtiari nomads migrate twice a year with their herds for pasture: in spring to the mountains in their summer quarters (sardsīr or yaylāq), and in autumn to valleys and the plains in their winter quarters (garmsīr or qishlāq). The livestock the Bakhtiari mainly raise are goats, sheep, horses, and cattle. However, some Bakhtiari also engage in agricultural occupations, and mostly cultivate wheat and other cereal grains. Nomadic Baktiari rely on trading and bartering with nearby villages and populations to obtain products they don't have or are unable to create themselves (like agricultural goods). Temporary dwellings for the Bakhtiari include rectangular tents or brush or wood shelters. These types of dwellings are used when moving their herds around. Recently, some Bakhtiari have urbanized and began to settle in large villages and even in cities.[21]
Shia Islam is the main religion followed by both the nomadic and sedentary Bakhtiaris.[21] However, according to a Shia cleric in Iran some Bakhtiari Lurs have converted to Zoroastrianism in recent years.[22]
Despite the patriarchal nature of Bakhtiari society, women enjoy a rather high degree of freedom. This was because of their importance in the Bakhtiari economy as weavers, in which colorful and stylish designs on carpets made them very popular among buyers. However, after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Bakhtiari (along with Iranian society in general) underwent rapid changes so presently, Bakhtiari women do not have the same kind of privileges they had before the revolution.[21]
Some sources estimate the population of Bakhtiari lors in the whole country to be around 3 to 6 million people.[23]Some other sources have estimated the population of Il Bakhtiari at 4 million people.[24][25][26].In the Bakhtiarika book, the population of monolingual Bakhtiari is estimated at 2 million, and the population of bilingual Bakhtiari plus those who have forgotten their mother tongue is estimated at nearly 2 million (total of 4 million people).[27]
According to research intoNRY markers, the Bakhtiari, as with many other groups in Iran, show very elevated frequencies forY-DNAhaplogroup J2— a trait common for Eurasian populations, likely originating inAnatolia and theCaucasus[28] The Southwest Eurasian haplogroupsF,G, andT1a also reach substantial frequency among Bakhtiaris.[29]
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Lur -- an Iranian people living in the mountains in southwestern Persia. As in the case of the Kurds, the principal link among the four branches of the Lurs (Mamasani, Kuhghilu'i, Bakthiari, and Lur proper) is that of language.
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