TheBafour orBafur were a group of people inhabitingMauritania andWestern Sahara. Scholars such as H.T. Norris describe "Bafur (Bafour)" as a loose term encompassing the pre-Sanhaja inhabitants of the region, who were "partBerber, partNegro, and partSemite."^[1]

Some historians believe that Bafour hunter-gatherers were the dominant population group in Mauritania during theNeolithic Era.^[2] Others propose that they were agriculturalists living in and around theAdrar Plateau, at that time the edge of theSahara desert.^[3] The earliest European sources refer to the region as 'Adrar al Bafur', or 'Bafur Mountains'. They are credited with introducingirrigation and the cultivation of thedate palm there. AsSanhaja Berber populations increasingly came to dominate the region, the Bafur mixed and traded with them.^[4]

Historian James L.A. Webb writes,

"During the more humid period from c. 1450 or 1500 to c. 1600. the lands of the central and northern Gibla came to be settled once again, this time apparently by Bafur villagers. Bafur place-names and desert traditions about the Bafur survive, but little else. The ethnic identity of the Bafur apparently was transformed in the period before the late seventeenth century and absorbed into the ethnic categories ofWolof,Berber, andFula,^[5] and thus remains somewhat mysterious."^[6]

According to Webb's study of oral traditions, from 1600 to 1850, in the pre-colonial period, there was a well-established commercial route between communities of theSenegambia reaching north to theWestern Sahara and Mauritania. Over four centuries before that,Arabs mixed with Bafur andBerber Masufa inWadan, in present-day Western Sahara. A group known as Idaw al-Hajj ("sons of pilgrims" inHassaniya) gradually settled in trading areas of northwesternSenegal, from where they dominated the gum arabic trade, as well as shipment of grain from the Wolof region to theBidan (white North Africans), and trade between Wolofs and theMaghreb for horses for their military campaigns. As is common among trading peoples, over time intermarriage had taken place between the Idaw al-Hajj and Wolof peoples, and the northerners gradually became assimilated into the sub-Saharan African community, including the use of Wolof as their language.^[1]

The relationship between the Bafour and any modern-day West African ethnic group is unclear. They are at times referred to as the descendants of local pre-Berber peoples.^[7][8] Others have argued that they were initially a non-Sanhaja Berber group that later mixed with Soninke and Fula.^[4]

French art historian Jean Laude wrote, "In the pre-Islamic period (before the ninth century), according to oral tradition, Mauritania was occupied by the Bafour, a population of possibly mixed origin from whom the easternSonghai, the centralSoninke Wangara, and the westernSerer are derived."^[9] They may also be the ancestors of the coastalImraguen community.^[2]

• Pazzanita, Anthony G (2008).Historical Dictionary of Mauritania (3rd revised ed.). Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-5596-0.
• Webb, James L.A. (1994).Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change Along the Western Sahel, 1600–1850. University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN 978-0-299-14334-3.

• UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III, Abridged Edition: Africa from ... edited by M. El FasiUNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
• Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia By John A. ShoupEthnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

• Ethnic groups in Mauritania
• Social history of Mauritania
• Ancient peoples
• Wolof people
• Serer people
• Fula

• Articles containing French-language text
• Articles containing Fula-language text
• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata