TheBadge Man is a figure that is purportedly present within theMary Moorman photograph ofthe assassination of United States presidentJohn F. Kennedy inDealey Plaza on November 22, 1963.Conspiracy theorists have suggested that this figure is a sniper firing a weapon at the president from thegrassy knoll. Although a reputedmuzzle flash obscures much of the detail, the Badge Man has been described as a person wearing a police uniform—the moniker itself derives from a bright spot on the chest, which is said to resemble a gleamingbadge.
The Moorman photograph was taken a fraction of a second after the fatal bullet struck Kennedy's head. It was analyzed by theHouse Select Committee on Assassinations, but no evidence of hidden figures was found. In 1983, Gary Mack—the curator of theSixth Floor Museum—obtained a higher-quality copy of the photograph. Upon enhancement, Mack noted what he believed to be the Badge Man in the shadowed background. This alleged second gunman has appeared in severalconspiracy theories concerning the assassination of President Kennedy.
Among photographic experts, the consensus is that the image lacks theresolution to determine whether or not the Badge Man is a human figure. The reputed Badge Man is not present in any other photographs of the assassination and was not seen by any witnesses. FormerLos Angeles County Deputy District AttorneyVincent Bugliosi criticized the Badge Man interpretation, and analystDale K. Myers has argued that it is not an actual person due to proportional discrepancies. It has been suggested that the figure is actually an optical distortion from aCoca-Cola bottle, or simply different background elements.
The 35th president of the United States,John F. Kennedy, was assassinated on November 22, 1963, while riding in a motorcade throughDealey Plaza inDallas, Texas.[2] During the assassination, Dallas residentMary Moorman took a series of photographs with herPolaroid camera. She captured images of thepresidential limousine, several other close witnesses, includingAbraham Zapruder filming, two Dallas police motorcycle escorts, and the "grassy knoll" beside the motorcade route. The Badge Man is reputedly visible in Moorman's fifth and most famous photo of the area, taken almost exactly at the moment of the fatal shot. This photo has been calculated to have been captured betweenZapruder film frames 315 and 316, less than one-sixth of a second after President Kennedy was shot in the head at frame 313.[3]
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In the immediate aftermath of the shooting, police officers and spectators ran to the grassy knoll, from where some witnesses believed the shots had originated, but no sniper was found.[4] TheWarren Commission concluded thatLee Harvey Oswald was the sole shooter, and that he had shot Kennedy from theTexas School Book Depository building.[5] Conspiracy theorists speculate that there was an assassin behind the wooden picket fence on top of the grassy knoll.[3] For her part, Moorman toldLarry Sabato that she did not see anything out of the ordinary behind the fence and that she remained unconvinced that a second shooter was revealed in her photograph.[6]
Moorman's photograph was not included in the Warren Commission's1964 report or its supporting documents.[7] Moorman stated that she had been invited to provide testimony to the Commission, but asked for a postponement after injuring her ankle, and was not contacted again.[6] In the late 1970s, theHouse Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)—which concluded that there was a second assassin on the grassy knoll based onnow disputed acoustic evidence—deemed the photo of interest to its investigation.[8]
With the unaided eye, the HSCA photographic evidence panel could find no figures in the shadowed background.[9] The HSCA then sent the Moorman photo to theRochester Institute of Technology (RIT) for enlargement, enhancement, and analysis. The RIT report found no evidence of human forms anywhere in the background, and the specific area behind the stockade fence was deemed to be sounderexposed that it was impossible to glean any information from it.[3][10] The HSCA concluded that if the Moorman photo "did not contain images that might be construed to be a figure behind the fence, it would be a troubling lack of corroboration for the acoustical analysis".[9] The examined photo was the original copy, which had greatly degraded by that point.[3]
In 1983, Gary Mack obtained an 8-by-10-inch (200 mm × 250 mm) UPI copy of the Mary Moorman photograph of higher quality than the degraded original.[3] The curator of theSixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza (the former Texas School Book Depository),[11][3][12][note 1] Mack was described by skepticVincent Bugliosi as one of the few respected Kennedy assassination conspiracy theorists. After noticing what he thought was a human face in the shadowed background,[3] Mack contacted Jack White—a friend anddarkroom technician—to study the photograph.[13][14] Upon enhancement, they identified an individual wearing a uniform—possibly that of aDallas police officer—standing behind the stockade fence, with his face obscured by amuzzle flash, but with a small bright object visible on his chest. They interpreted this to be abadge, hence "Badge Man".[15]
Mack, White, and other conspiracy theorists have attempted to connect Badge Man with the claims ofGordon Arnold.[15] When analyzing the photo, Mack initially considered whether the figure may in fact be Arnold, a soldier who claimed to be on the grassy knoll with a movie camera.[13] Arnold—who first came forward in 1978—claimed that he had filmed the assassination and that a police officer had confiscated his film after the shooting.[16] Some theorists claim that this officer was also the Badge Man.[17] Arnold is not visible in any photographs taken of the area, which Bugliosi calls "conclusive photographic proof that Arnold's story was fabricated".[18]
White continued experimenting with the Moorman photograph. In the mid-1980s, he produced a new colorized version, enhanced in contrast and brightness, which he claimed revealed the policeman figure in higher clarity.[1] In 1988, White claimed that a man wearing a white shirt and possibly ahard hat is visible behind the Badge Man. He called him the "Back Up Man".[15][note 2] White has also argued that Arnold is visible to the anatomical right of Badge Man.[1]
Many conspiracy theories claim that Kennedy was killed by several shooters positioned throughout Dealey Plaza. The Badge Man is often said to have fired the fatal head shot from the grassy knoll.[19] The 1988 British documentary seriesThe Men Who Killed Kennedy, which features White's work, proposes that the Badge Man wasLucien Sarti, a French national and alleged contract killer.[20] Other conspiracy theorists have suggested that the Badge Man isJ. D. Tippit,[21] a Dallas police officer who was killed by Oswald shortly after Kennedy's assassination.[22] Regarding these claims, Mack clarified his stance in 2006: "I've never said that the Badge Man was the knoll assassin, but I have said it's a possibility. That's all."[3]
In an attempt to validate the Badge Man, Mack had the photograph analyzed by third parties, including experts at theItek Corporation, theJet Propulsion Laboratory at theCalifornia Institute of Technology, and theMassachusetts Institute of Technology. The consensus is that the photograph lacks the resolution to determine whether the Badge Man is a human figure. Photographic expertGeoffrey Crawley concluded that the Badge Man was not a person but rather disparate background elements.[11][note 3]
Bugliosi noted discrepancies with the Badge Man photograph. He argued that the man must have been unusually tall for his badge to be seen above the five-foot-tall (1.5 m) fence, and that his eyes are not near the hypothetical scope of his sniper rifle as would be expected. Bugliosi emphasized that Mack stated he has never confidently identified the presence of a weapon due to the alleged muzzle flash.[15] Mack conceded that the Badge Man has not been identified in any other photographs of the assassination.[13] Furthermore, the Badge Man was not seen by grassy knoll witnessLee Bowers or the nearby Zapruder,[11][24] and no witness reported seeing a Dallas police officer near where the Badge Man allegedly stood.[25]
Researcher and computer animatorDale Myers has argued that the measurements of the grassy knoll area require the alleged figure to have been in an impossible position to fire a weapon at the motorcade, saying "if [the Badge Man were] truly a human being of average height and build, was located 32 feet [9.8 m] behind the fence line and elevated 4.5 feet [1.4 m] above the ground – an unreasonable and untenable firing position."[11][15] He states that the retaining wall would have blocked the Badge Man's bullet.[11] Myers has proposed that the Badge Man is merely sunlight reflecting off of a glass bottle. ACoca-Cola bottle is visible in contemporaneous photos resting on a pergola wall near the Badge Man area.[15]