| Back-released velar click | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʞ | |||
| ʞ̃̊ | |||
| ᵑ̊ʞ | |||
| IPA number | 291 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʞ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+029E | ||
| |||
| Back-released uvular click | |
|---|---|
| ʞ | |
| ᶰ̥ʞ | |
| IPA number | 291 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | ʞ |
| Unicode(hex) | U+029E |
Aback-released click, or more precisely avelar-released oruvular-released click, is aclick consonant found inparalinguistic use in languages across Africa, such asWolof.[1][2] The tongue is in a similar position to other click articulations, such as analveolar click, and like other clicks, the airstream mechanism islingual. However, unlike other clicks, the salient sound is produced by releasing the rear (velar or uvular) closure of the tongue rather than the front closure. Consequently, the air that fills the vacuum comes from behind the tongue, from the nasal cavity and the throat. Velar- and uvular-released clicks are always voiceless and typically nasal ([ᵑ̊ʞ] or[ᶰ̥ʞ]), as nasal airflow is required for a reasonably loud production.
In 1921, theInternational Phonetic Association (IPA) adoptedDaniel Jones' symbol ⟨ʞ⟩, a turned lowercase K, for thepalatal clicks ofKhoekhoe.[3]Jones seems to have first applied the label "velar" in an IPA publication in 1928;[4]presumably he had analyzed these clicks as velar when he chose the symbol. At the time, little was known about the articulation of clicks, and different authors used different labels for the same sounds – Doke, for example, analyzed the same clicks as alveolar.[5]The last mention of the "velar" clicks was in the 1949Principles. It was omitted when the other three click letters were moved into the symbol chart in 1951, and was not mentioned again.
An actual forward-released velar click, analogous to the other articulations of click consonants in the languages of southern Africa, is not possible. A click is articulated with two closures of the tongue or lips. The rear articulation of all clicks is velar or uvular, and the families of dental, alveolar, palatal, and bilabial clicks are defined by the front closure, which is released to cause the influx of air from the front of the mouth that identifies the type of click. A forward closure in the velar region would leave no room for the air pocket that generates that influx of air.[6]
From 2004 to 2015 the unused letter was picked up by theextensions to the IPA to mark avelodorsal articulation inspeech pathology.[7]However, velar clicks are possible in the sense that the release sequence of the tongue closures can be reversed: inparalinguistic use in languages such as Wolof, it is the rear (often velar) closure rather than front one that is released to produce the sound, and such clicks have also been called 'velar'.[8]The letter ⟨ʞ⟩ has been used for such sounds in the literature (though not by the IPA itself), and ⟨ʞ⟩ was consequently dropped from the extIPA to avoid confusion with that usage.A retraction diacritic may be used, ⟨ʞ⟩, to specify a uvular release.
Lionnet describes the clicks as follows:
Like any other click,[ʞ] is produced with an ingressive lingual (velaric) airstream: the oral cavity is closed in two places: at the velum and at the front of the mouth. Air rarefaction in the intra-oral cavity is achieved mostly through tongue body lowering. However, instead of the front closure, the velar closure is released, allowing air to rush into the mouth from the back, either from the nasal cavity or from the post-velar cavity if the velo-pharyngeal port is closed.[8]
Velar clicks are produced with closed lips in those languages known to have them. For this reason, it was at first thought that the front articulation was labial.[2]However, the labial closure does not appear to be distinctive. Although articulatory measurements have not been done, it appears that the two relevant articulations are dorsal and coronal: The rear articulation appears to be at the very front of the velum, near the hard palate (at least in Wolof and Laal), and the front articulation is dental or alveolar. The lips are closed merely because that is their rest position; opening the lips has no effect on the consonant.[8] That is, the setup of a velar click is very much like one of the coronal clicks,[ǀ,ǂ,ǃ], but with the roles of the two closures of the tongue reversed.
In Mundang and Kanuri, the rear articulation is said to be uvular and back-velar rather than front-velar. Comparisons between the languages have yet to be done.[8]
Paralinguistic velar clicks are attested from a number of languages in west and central Africa, from Senegal in the west to northern Cameroon and southern Chad in the east. The literature reports at leastLaal,Mambay,Mundang, andKanuri in the east, andWolof and MauritanianPulaar in the west.[8]
In Wolof, a back-released velar click is infree variation with alateral click or analveolar click. It means 'yes' when used once, and 'I see' or 'I get it' when repeated. It is also used forback-channeling.[2] In Laal as well, it is used for "strong agreement" andback-channeling, and is in free variation with the lateral click. It appears to have the same two functions in the other languages.[8]
