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Baalshillem II was aPhoenicianKing of Sidon (reignedc. 401 –c. 366 BC), and the great-grandson ofBaalshillem I who founded the namesake dynasty. He succeeded Baana to the throne ofSidon, and was succeeded by his sonAbdashtart I. The nameBaalshillem means "recompense of Baal" inPhoenician.

During Baalshillem II's reign, Sidon was a Persianvassal kingdom, part of theAchaemenid Empire's dominion overPhoenicia. Under Achaemenid hegemony, Sidon resurged as a prominent city-state among its neighbors. The transition of the Sidonian monarchy fromEshmunazar I's dynasty to that of Baalshillem I coincided with Sidon independently issuing its coinage, featuring the likenesses of its reigning kings. Notably, Baalshillem II's coins, the first to bear minting dates corresponding to a Sidonian king'sregnal year, have been instrumental in reconstructing the chronology of Sidonian kings. Baalshillem II's historical presence is substantiated by inscriptions, including one found on avotive statue depicting his son Abdashtart I.

The nameBaalshillem (alsoBaalchillem)^[1] is theRomanized form of thePhoenician𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤔𐤋𐤌‎ (bʿlšlm), meaning "recompense ofBaal".^[2][3]

The absolute chronology of thekings of Sidon from the dynasty ofEshmunazar I onward has been much discussed in the literature; traditionally placed in the course of the fifth century BC, inscriptions of this dynasty have been dated back to an earlier period on the basis ofnumismatic, historical andarchaeological evidence. The most complete work addressing the dates of the reigns of these Sidonian kings is by the French historianJosette Elayi, who shifted away from the use ofbiblical chronology. Elayi used all available documentation of the time, including inscribedTyrianseals andstamps excavated by the Lebanese archaeologistMaurice Chehab in 1972 from Jal el-Bahr, a neighborhood in the north of Tyre.^{[4][4][5][6][7][8]} She also used Phoenician inscriptions discovered by the French archaeologistMaurice Dunand in Sidon in 1965,^[9] and conducted a systematic study of Sidonian coins, the first coins to bear minting dates representing the years of Sidonian kings’ reigns.^[10][11]

Baalshillem II was the first among Sidonian monarchs to mint coins bearing issuing dates that correspond with hisregnal year. Elayi established that Baalshillem II'syear of accession was 401 BC and that he reigned until 366 BC. Baalshillem’s extant coins were issued in the thirtieth year of his reign. The dating of these coins is of considerable importance to scholars, since the subsequent reigns are dated yearly untilAlexander'sconquest of the Levant in 333 BC; this helped scholars to establish the chronology of Sidonian kings in retrospect.^{[12][13][14][15]}

In 539 BC, the Achaemenid Empire conquered Phoenicia, resulting in Sidon, Tyre,Byblos andArwad becoming Persianvassal kingdoms.^[16][17] Eshmunazar I, a priest ofAstarte and the founder of his namesake dynasty was enthroned King of Sidon around the time of the Achaemenid conquest of theLevant.^[18] During the first phase of Achaemenid rule, Sidon flourished and reclaimed its former standing as Phoenicia's chief city.^[18][19][20] In the mid 5th century BC, Eshmunazar's dynasty was succeeded by that of Baalshillem I; this dynastic change coincided with the time by which Sidon began to independently mint its own coinage bearing the images of its reigning kings.^[13]

The name of Baalshillem II is known from avotive statue offered toEshmun, the Phoenician god of healing, by the king himself. The base of the Baalshillem temple boy statue bears a Phoenician inscription known asKAI 281;^[21][22] it reads:

This (is the) statue that Baalshillem, son of King Ba'na, king of the Sidonians, son of King Abdamun, king of the Sidonians, son of King Baalshillem, king of the Sidonians, gave to his lord Eshmun at the "Ydll" Spring. May he bless him.^[21]

The statue is of note because its inscription provides the names of four kings of Sidon from the Baalshillem I dynasty.^[21][23] The statue also represents the young future king Abdashtart I, who may have been five or six months of age at the time of the dedication of the statue.^[24]

Baalshillem II is also known from the coins he struck under his reign. The coins dating from the reign of the Baalshillem I dynasty show the abbreviated names of the respective kings, a custom of the Sidonian royalty.^[24] King Baalshillem I's name is abbreviated as B, Abdamon's name is abbreviated as ʿB, Bʿ stands for Baana. Baalshillem II adopted the same abbreviation as his namesake predecessor, he modified however theiconography of the coins.^[24][25] The obverse of Baalshillem II's coins depicts a Sidoniantrireme, while the obverse of the coins of Baalshillem I showed a galley in front of Sidonian wall fortifications. The reverse of Baalshillem II's coins shows aritual procession.^[24] Another differentiating characteristic is the minting dates that Baalshillem II had engraved on his coins, and which correspond to the years of his reign.^[25] In a later series of Baalshillem II coins, the king emphasized his son's legitimacy as heir by inscribing the first letter of the latter's name on the reverse ("ʿ" for his son Abdashtart) in addition to the abbreviation of his own name on the obverse.^[25]

In a passage of theOxyrhyncus manuscripts, relating the events of the 398 BCBattle of Cnidus, the leader of the Sidonian fleet is named in thepapyrus as Sakton. Sakton was identified with Baalshillem II, who in 398 was in his fourth year of reign.^[25][26] TheGreek name Sakton is interpreted as "Shipowner".^[25][26]

According to Elayi, theLycian sarcophagus unearthed in the royal necropolis of Sidon and dated toc. 390–380 BC, may have been made for Baalshillem II.[26]

Baalshillem II was a descendant of Baalshillem I's dynasty; his heir was his sonAbdashtart I.^[27][28][29]

^[30][28]

• King of Sidon – A list of the ancient rulers of the city of Sidon

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• 5th-century BC monarchs in Asia
• Kings of Sidon
• Vassals of the Achaemenid Empire
• 5th-century BC Phoenician people

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• Short description matches Wikidata
• Use dmy dates from August 2021
• CS1 French-language sources (fr)