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Baalshamin (Imperial Aramaic:ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ,romanized: Baʿal Šāmīn or Bʿel Šmīn,lit. 'Lord of Heaven[s]'), also calledBaal Shamem (Phoenician:𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤔𐤌𐤌,romanized: Baʿl Šāmēm) andBaal Shamaim (Hebrew:בַּעַל שָׁמַיִם,romanized: Baʿal Šāmayīm),[1] was a NorthwestSemitic god and a title applied to different gods at different places or times in ancientMiddle Eastern inscriptions, especially inCanaan/Phoenicia andSyria. The title was most often applied toHadad, who is also often titled justBa‘al. Baalshamin was one of the twosupreme gods and thesky god of pre-IslamicPalmyra in ancient Syria (Bel being the other supreme god).[2] There his attributes were the eagle and the lightning bolt, and he perhaps formed a triad with the lunar godAglibol and the sun godMalakbel.[3] The title was also applied toZeus.
The earliest known Phoenician reference to Baalshamin is in theYehimilk inscription, dated to the 10th century BCE.[4]
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This name was originally a title ofBaalHadad, in the 2nd millennium BC, but came to designate a distinct god circa 1000 BC.[5] The earliest known mention of this god or title is in a treaty of the 14th century BC betweenSuppiluliumas I, King of theHittites, andNiqmaddu II, King ofUgarit. Although this could be a reference to Baal Hadad, and again when the name appears in a Phoenician inscription by King Yeḥimilk ofByblos, other texts make a distinction between the two.[citation needed]
In thetreaty of 677 BC between KingEsarhaddon ofAssyria and KingBa‘al I ofTyre, a curse is laid against King Baal if he breaks the treaty, reading in part:
"May Baal-sameme, Baal-malage, and Baal-saphon raise an evil wind against your ships, to undo their moorings, tear out their mooring pole, may a strong wave sink them in the sea, a violent tide [. . .] against you."[6]
The god Baal-malage is otherwise unexplained. Baal-saphon here and elsewhere seems to be Ba'al Hadad, whose home is onMount Ṣaphon in the Ugaritic texts. But interpreters disagree as to whether these are here three separate gods or three aspects of the same god, a god who causes stormy weather on the sea.[citation needed]
In any case, inscriptions show that the cult of Ba'al Šamem continued in Tyre from Esarhaddon's day until towards the end of the 1st millennium BC.[citation needed]
Baalshamen is mentioned as an idol among other Aramean gods in Mesopotamia byJacob of Serugh:
InSanchuniathon's main mythology the god he calls in Greek 'Uranus'/'Sky' has been thought by some to stand for Ba'al Šamem. Sky is here the actual father of Baal Hadad (although Baal Hadad is born after his mother's marriage toDagon). As inGreek mythology andHittite mythology, Sky is castrated by his son, who is in turn destined to be opposed by the thunder god. In Sanchuniathon's story, Sky also battles Sea; Sky finds himself unable to prevail, so he allies himself with Hadad.[citation needed]
InNabatean texts in Greek, Baal Shamin is regularly equated withZeusHelios, that is Zeus as a sun-god.Sanchuniathon supports this:
"... and that when droughts occurred, they stretched out their hands to heaven towards the sun; for him alone (he says) they regarded as god the lord of heaven, calling him Beelsamen, which is in the Phoenician language 'lord of heaven', and in Greek 'Zeus'."[7]
Unfortunately, it is not clear whether Baalshamin is here regarded as a sun-god and the bringer of rain, or whether he is regarded as the cause of drought.[citation needed]
Writers inSyriac refer to Baalshamin asZeus Olympios Zeus who shines.[citation needed]
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