BP Pedestrian Bridge | |
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 The BP Bridge viewed fromThe Buckingham inLakeshore East(June 12, 2008) | |
| Coordinates | 41°52′58″N87°37′14″W / 41.8828°N 87.6206°W /41.8828; -87.6206 |
| Carries | Pedestrians |
| Crosses | Columbus Drive |
| Locale | Chicago (Cook County, Illinois) United States |
| Characteristics | |
| Design | girder bridge |
| Material | Stainless steel,reinforced concrete, andhardwood |
| Total length | 935 feet (285.0 m) |
| Width | 20 feet (6.1 m) |
| Clearance below | 14 feet 6 inches (4.4 m) |
| History | |
| Designer | Frank Gehry |
| Engineering design by | Skidmore, Owings and Merrill |
| Construction end | May 22, 2004 |
| Opened | July 16, 2004 |
| Location | |
 Interactive map of BP Pedestrian Bridge | |
TheBP Pedestrian Bridge, or simplyBP Bridge, is agirderfootbridge in theLoopcommunity area ofChicago, United States. It spansColumbus Drive to connectMaggie Daley Park (formerly, Daley Bicentennial Plaza) withMillennium Park, both parts of the largerGrant Park. Designed byPritzker Prize-winning architectFrank Gehry and structurally engineered bySkidmore, Owings and Merrill, it opened along with the rest of Millennium Park on July 16, 2004.[1] Gehry had been courted by the city to design the bridge and the neighboringJay Pritzker Pavilion, and eventually agreed to do so after thePritzker family funded the Pavilion.[2][3][4]
Named for energy firmBP, which donated$5 million toward its construction, it is the first Gehry-designed bridge to have been completed.[5] BP Bridge is described as snakelike because of its curving form.[6] Designed to bear a heavy load without structural problems caused by its own weight, it has won awards for its use ofsheet metal. The bridge is known for itsaesthetics, and Gehry's style is seen in itsbiomorphic allusions and extensive sculptural use ofstainless steel plates to express abstraction.
Thepedestrian bridge serves as anoise barrier for traffic sounds from Columbus Drive. It is a connecting link between Millennium Park and destinations to the east, such as the nearby lakefront, other parts of Grant Park and aparking garage.[7] BP Bridge uses a concealedbox girder design with a concrete base, and its deck is covered by hardwood floor boards.[8] It is designed withouthandrails, using stainless steelparapets instead. The total length is 935 feet (285 m), with a five percentslope on its inclined surfaces that makes itbarrier free andaccessible. Although the bridge is closed in winter because ice cannot be safely removed from its wooden walkway, it has received favorable reviews for its design and aesthetics.
Since the mid-19th century, Grant Park has been Chicago's "front yard", withLake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west.Columbus Drive runs north–south through Grant Park, with Daley Bicentennial Plaza in the northeast corner of the park. West of Columbus Drive, the northwest corner of the park had beenIllinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it became available for development by the city as Millennium Park. Millennium Park is also north of Monroe Street and theArt Institute, east ofMichigan Avenue, and south ofRandolph Street.[9] For 2007, Millennium Park trailed onlyNavy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction.[10]
In February 1999, the city announced it was negotiating with Frank Gehry to design aproscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for aband shell in the new park, as well as apedestrian bridge crossing Columbus Drive between Millennium Park and Daley Bicentennial Plaza. The city also sought donors to cover the cost of Gehry's work, which would eventually become Jay Pritzker Pavilion and the BP Pedestrian Bridge.[11][12] At the time, theChicago Tribune dubbed Gehry "the hottest architect in the universe" in reference to the acclaim for hisGuggenheim Museum Bilbao.[13] Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said "Frank is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture", and noted that no other architect was being sought.[11] Gehry was approached several times bySkidmore, Owings & Merrill architectAdrian Smith on behalf of the city.[3] In April 1999, the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $15 million to fund Gehry's band shell and an additional nine donors committed a total of $10 million more to the park.[2][14] That same day, Gehry agreed to the design request.[4]
In November 1999, when he unveiled his initial plans for the bridge and band shell, Gehry admitted the bridge's design was underdeveloped because funding for it was not yet committed. Even at this early point, the need for a sound barrier for Columbus Drive traffic noise was recognized, although Gehry indicated this might take the form of aberm, or raised barrier.[15] The need to fund a bridge to span the eight-lane Columbus Drive was evident, but some planning for the park was delayed in anticipation of details on the redesign ofSoldier Field.[16] In January 2000, the city announced plans to expand the park to include features that becameCloud Gate,Crown Fountain, theMcDonald's Cycle Center, and the BP Pedestrian Bridge.[17] Later that month, Gehry unveiled his next design, which depicted a winding bridge.[18]
While the neighboring Jay Pritzker Pavilion changed relatively little from Gehry's 1999 design when built, the bridge went through several proposed designs.[19] The proposal made in early 2000, which was expected to be executed in 2002, included a bridge that was a mere 170 feet (51.8 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide.[20] That design was not approved, andChicago MayorRichard M. Daley's disapproval of Gehry's subsequent design of an 800–900-foot (240–270 m) bridge caused Gehry to come up with ten more designs.[21] The first of these plans was for a Z-shaped bridge that would have run northwest–southeast with western ramps in Millennium Park, leading south, and eastern ramps in the empty north section of Daley Bicentennial Plaza, leading north. It would have required elevators to conform to theAmericans with Disabilities Act.[19] This plan was abandoned because it would have segregated the handicapped.[22] Gehry had only designed two bridges previously, both in the mid-1990s (PferdeturmUSTRA Bridge inHanover, Germany and Financial Times Millennium Bridge inLondon, United Kingdom) but neither was built.[19]
The final design for the bridge was revealed in an exhibit at theChicago Cultural Center on June 10, 2000.[21] As designed and built, the bridge is 935 feet (285.0 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, with a 14-foot-6-inch (4.42 m) Columbus Drive clearance.[23][24] The clearance was designed to slightly exceed the 14-foot (4.3 m) standard set by theUnited States Department of TransportationFederal Highway Administration for urban area interstate bridge clearances, and to allow for additional future layers of pavement below.[25] This height is also greater than the maximum vehicle height of 13 feet 6 inches (4.1 m) set by the Illinois Vehicle Code.[26] According to theChicago Tribune the width of the "trenchlike" area spanned is approximately 150 feet (46 m),[21] whileThe New York Times reports the bridge is over ten times longer than Columbus Drive is wide.[27]
BP Bridge begins in Millennium Park between thetrellis system over the Jay Pritzker Pavilion's great lawn and theLurie Garden; the design was changed so that the west ramp coincided with the boardwalk of the Lurie Garden seam.[28][29] The bridge winds its way northward along the eastern edge of Millennium Park before crossing Columbus Drive in a C-shaped curve, above undergroundparking garage entrances. In Daley Bicentennial Plaza the bridge has an S-shape, then turns east. BP Bridge is designed so that its inclined surfaces have a continuous five percentslope rather than landings and switchback ramps, which provides easy access for the physically challenged.[21][30] The gently sloped ramp eliminates the need for lifts or any of the other common types of ramps (L-shaped, switchback, U-shaped, straight),[31] and helped the park earn the 2005 Barrier-Free America Award for its exemplarybarrier-free design.[32]
Gehry had hoped to design the bridge so that it could be constructed without a support column in the center of Columbus Drive. However,Chicago Tribune architecture criticBlair Kamin notes that if he had done so, the bridge might not have been as sleek.[6] Building the bridge without the column would have required load-bearingcantilevers (beams supported only on one side) from structural positions on opposite sides of the street; this would have been expensive and labor-intensive, because it would have required excavating large portions of the parking garages on both sides of the street. Moreover, on the Daley Bicentennial Plaza side, the optimal location for the supporting cantilever would have been at the location of the Monroe Street Garage. Thus, the preferred bridge design was altered to avoid problems related to the underground parking garages.[33]
The bridge is both a connector and a viewing platform for the park.[6] It was designed to link the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and the entire Loop to the west with the Lake Michigan lakefront to the east. It was also designed to be a bermnoise barrier blocking noise on the eight-lane Columbus Drive from the Park's outdoor band shell (Jay Pritzker Pavilion), by deflecting traffic sounds upward.[34]
The bridge, which uses steelgirders, reinforced concreteabutments anddeck slabs, hardwood deck, and a stainless steelveneer, cost between $12.1 and $14.5 million.[34][35][36] It contains large sculptural plates ofcurvilinear stainless steel instead of more standard flat plates.[1] The bridge's curvilinear design gives it a flowing, natural look, instead of the linear, rigid form of standard bridges. Although its steel girders rest on concretepylons and most of the bridge is solid concrete, the bridge uses a hollowbox girder design to minimize weight, as the ground that supports the bridge covers underground parking garages.[8][37] The concrete base and box girder are flanked by a hollow stainless steel skeleton.[8] Despite its hollow structure, and the fact that it is designed as a concealedbeam bridge, thefootbridge is built to highway standards and can support a full capacity load of pedestrians.[37] The bridge is designed without standardhandrails and uses waist-highparapets asguard rails instead.[6]
The bridge was built using 22-gauge stainless steeltype 316 plates (0.031 inches or 0.79 millimeters thick), with anangel hair finish and a flat interlocking panel process. Stainless steel type 316 is known for its excellentwelding characteristics, as well as for its resistance topitting.[38] According to theChicago Tribune, the bridge materials used in construction include 2,000rot-resistant Brazilianhardwood boards for the deck, 115,000 stainless steelscrews and 9,800stainless steelshingle plates.[28][37] According to Architecture Metal Expertise, the bridge has "10,400 stainless steel trapezoidal panels in 17 different shop fabricated configurations [which] involved 1,000 shop hours".[34] The sheet metal work totaled 5,900 field hours over a six-month period.[34] During construction, about 200 shingles were installed per day.[39] The bridge includes two types of structural steel: steel that is 2.0 inches or 5.1 centimetres thick and 20.0 inches or 51 centimetres in diameter for the approaches and box girders for the span.[40]
CATIA software was used to handle the complex geometric layout.[41] To ensure accurate fitting and alignment to the sloping, curving sides of the bridge, 4,400 custom-made convex, concave and radiused cladding panels were fabricated on site by sheet metal contractor Custom Metal Fabricators (CMF). CMF used 57,000 square feet (5,300 m2) of stainless steel sheet to cover the sides, which have a combined perimeter length of 1,728 feet (526.7 m). CMF built special heated enclosures so that work could continue on site through the winter. They designed, fabricated and installed customtype 4 brushed stainless steel parapets serving in the place of handrails on the bridge. CMF earned the 2005 Tom Guilfoy Memorial Architectural Sheet Metal Award, by the California chapter of theSheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association for the project.[34] In 2005 it received a Merit Award from theNational Steel Bridge Alliance, and an Excellence in Structural Engineering award from the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois.[42]
On the day that the two halves of the bridge were joined, each side of Columbus Drive was closed for a 12-hour period and a 360-short-ton (320-long-ton; 330 t)crane was used to install the girders. Before bringing the crane to the location,screw jacks were used to shore up the underground garage roof to hold the crane's weight.[43]
The landscaping surrounding the bridge was redesigned bylandscape architect Terry Guen.Honey locusts,ash andmaple trees were removed and replaced with three varieties ofmagnolia and more than two dozen ornamental andcanopy trees along the eastern foot of the bridge in Daley Bicentennial Plaza. Other preliminary construction work included setting reinforcing rods for the bridge in the concrete roof deck of the parking garage located under the park.[23]
Before its official opening on 22 May 2004, the bridge had a private ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Gehry and Mayor Daley. During the weekend of the ribbon-cutting, Gehry was awarded anhonorary degree from theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago.[44] The BP Pedestrian Bridge officially opened, along with the rest of Millennium Park, on July 16, 2004.[1][37] It remained unnamed at the ribbon-cutting,[37] but before the July park opening, energy firm BP had paid$5 million for the bridge sponsorship and naming rights.[45]
Timothy Gilfoyle, author ofMillennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark, notes that a controversy surrounds the "tasteless" corporate naming of several of the Park's features, including the bridge, which was named after anoil company.[46] It is well documented that naming rights were sold for high fees,[47] and Gilfoyle was not the only one who chastised park officials for selling naming rights to the highest bidder. Public interest groups have crusaded against commercialization of Chicago parks.[48] However, many of the donors have a long history of local philanthropy and the funds were essential to providing necessary financing for several features of the park.[45]
After the park opened, some of the bridge's foibles became apparent. The bridge has had to be closed during the winter because freezing conditions make it unsafe.[49] Since the bridge is over an expressway-like trench of Columbus Drive, shoveling the snow onto passing cars is not an option and the Brazilian hardwood would be damaged byrock salt.[50] The city not only mandates that the bridge be swept and washed daily, but also that the parapets be wiped free of fingerprints.[51]
The bridge has also had controversial closures in the summer, which were related to larger park concerns. On September 8, 2005,Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $800,000 to rent the bridge and all but four venues in the park from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.[52][53] On August 7, 2006,Allstate paid $700,000 to rent the bridge and most of the park for a day.[54][55] The exclusion of commuters who normally walk through the park and tourists lured by its attractions was controversial, though the city said the money raised paid for free public programs in Millennium Park.[52]
The bridge is noted for its sculptural characteristics and Kamin describes it as a delightful pleasure that was designed to emphasize its artistic elements while de-emphasizing its concrete and steel support system.[6]The New York Times notes that the artistAnish Kapoor's attempts to hide the seams ofCloud Gate were an interesting contrast to Gehry's architectural efforts. Gehry took pride in making the BP Pedestrian Bridge flaunt its seams.[27]
Beginning with Gehry's earliest bridge designs, the bridge was expected to complement the neighboring Pritzker Pavilion.[20] Some have suggested that the bridge and the pavilion are mere extensions of Gehry's work in other cities. For example, according to Gilfoyle, both structures embody Gehry's established asymmetrical style, evoking fluid, continuous motion and sculptural abstraction. They also feature metallicfacades and aesthetic curves, but they are said to be more refined, reduced and dynamic than much of his other work.[57]
Since the 1960s, Gehry has made artistic use ofscaled animals such as fish and snakes, which first appeared in his architectural designs in the 1980s.[58][59][60] Many references to the bridge describe it assnakelike for its winding path,[6][34][44] and some even refer to the stainless steel plates as scales with discussion ofreptilian forms.[19][41] Kamin calls it "a bridge that resembles a giant silver snake, complete with a scaly skin",[6] while Gehry said he thought the bridge looked like a river, but added he might be the only one who thought that.[44]
The way the bridge flows in a continuum of unexpected directions is a break from Gehry's other work and other more traditional urban and architectural forms nearby.[57]Pulitzer Prize-winning architecture critic Kamin gave the bridge four stars (out of a possible four) in his review and admires how "computers have given Gehry unparalleled formal freedom" to design "the complexity of its geometry" and multidimensional curvatures.[6] The bridge provides views of both the Historic Michigan Boulevard District and Lake Michigan in a way that Kamin says makes it abelvedere.[6][61] Kamin also recommends anyone having a bad day to stroll across the bridge, adding, "You won't get where you're going quickly, but you'll feel a whole lot better once you're done."[6]
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