Azerbaijanis in Russia orRussian Azerbaijanis (Azerbaijani:Rusiya azərbaycanlıları (Latin), Русија азәрбајҹанлылары (Cyrillic); Russian:Азербайджанцы в России,Azerbajdzhantsy v Rossii) are people ofAzeri descent inRussia. These may be either ethnicAzeris residents in the country or recent immigrants who profess Azeri ancestry.

Aside from the large Azeri community native to Russia'sDagestan Republic, the majority of Azeris in Russia are fairly recent immigrants. Azeris started settling in Russia (with the exception of Dagestan) around the late nineteenth century, but their migration intensified afterWorld War II, and especially after the collapse of theSoviet Union in 1991. According to the2010 All-Russian Population Census, there are 603,070 Azeris residing in Russia, however the actual numbers may be much higher due to the arrival of guest workers in the post-Soviet era. The estimated total Azeri population of Russia as of 2002 might have reached as many as 3,000,000 people,^[4] with more than one and half million of them living in Moscow, though in the following decade there was a tendency for many Azeris to move back to Azerbaijan.^[5] The majority of post-1991 ethnic Azeri migrants have come to Russia from rural Azerbaijan,Georgia andArmenia. Today most provinces of Russia have more or less significant Azeri communities, the biggest ones, according to official numbers, residing in Dagestan, Moscow,Khanty–Mansi,Krasnoyarsk,Rostov-on-the-Don,Saratov,Sverdlovsk,Samara,Stavropol, etc.^[6]

As of 2010, 130,919 Azeris lived in the Dagestan Republic, which makes them the region's sixth-largest ethnic group and 4.5% of its total population. Most of them are natives of the city ofDerbent living in the historical quarter Mahal and making up about one-third of the city's population. Azeris constitute 58% of the population of theDerbentsky District (more than 20 towns and villages), 18% of that of theTabasaransky District 2.35% in theKizlyarsky District (villages of Bolshebredikhinskoye and Persidskoye),^[7] 1.64% in the Magaramkent Rayon, and 1.56% in the Rutul Rayon. The rest live in the cities ofMakhachkala,Khasavyurt,Buynaksk andKizlyar.^[8]

Among cultural benefits, available to Dagestani Azeris, there are newspapers and magazines printed in theAzeri language, 72 public schools where Azeri is taught as a second language, and the Azeri Folk Theater in Derbent, founded in 1904.^[9] Historically Azeris of Dagestan were engaged in carpet weaving, currying, jewellery- and copper utensils making.^[10] Rural Azeris were occupied in farming.^[11] Most Azeris of Dagestan are Shia, althoughSunni Muslims are found among the rural population.^[12][13]

In 2000, in a presidential decree, Azeris along with 13 other ethnic groups of Dagestan received the status of a native community of Dagestan.^[14] As of 2011, there are four Azeri members of the Dagestan State Council.^[15]

Beginning in 2014, the Azeri population of Derbent voiced its concern due to the government's indifference towards the poor state of infrastructure and frequent acts of vandalism^[16][17][18] and unauthorised removal^[19][20] of Azeri cultural landmarks in the city. These concerns led to protests and demands for a better representation at the municipal level.^[21][22] American political analystPaul A. Goble characterised these events as "the boiling point" in the interethnic relations in Derbent and did not exclude the possibility of them leading to an ethnic conflict that would threaten to extend across the Russian–Azerbaijani border.^[23]

After the disintegration of theCaliphate, the city of Derbent and the surrounding area (currently theDerbent Rayon) became an independent emirate closely allied with the neighbouring state ofShirvan (present day northeasternAzerbaijan). During this period, the emirate became destination for the migration of numerousTurkic tribes. This factor, as well as the influence of theSeljuq Empire, ensured the spread of anOghuz Turkic idiom in Derbent already in the eleventh century.^[11] TheMongol invasion put an end to the emirate's independence for the next two centuries. In the fifteenth century,Ibrahim I, who hailed from Derbent, became the new ruler of Shirvan and incorporated Derbent into Shirvan.^[24]

The ethnic make-up of Derbent remained unchanged until the city became part of theSafavid Empire in the early sixteenth century. The Safavid rule was characterised with active resettlement policies, aimed at securing Shia Muslim dominance in the conquered lands. In 1509, 500 Karamanli Turkic families fromTabriz settled in Derbent. An unknown number of Turkic-speakers from the Kurchi tribe were resettled her in 1540. Half a century later, 400 more families of the Turkic-speakingBayat clan were relocated to Derbent on the orders ofAbbas I. Finally, in 1741,Nadir Shah relocated Turkic-speakers from the Mikri clan to Derbent. By 1870 the settlers were all regarded as speaking a common language, Azeri.^[25] Due to their Shia adherence, the new migrants were referred to by contemporary historians asPersians (Russian:персияне), a term that was erroneously applied to Shia Azeris of Dagestan way into the twentieth century.^[26]Adam Olearius who visited the region around 1635 described Shirvan as a state of many peoples, all of whom, however, besides their own language, also spoke Turkic.^[27] At the time ofPeter the Great'sconquest of the Caspian coastline in 1722, the city of Derbent was predominantly inhabited by Azeris.^{[11][page needed]}

The northern part of the Derbent Rayon was historically populated by the Tarakama, a Turkic-speaking people akin to theKarapapak, who were sometimes classified as a separate ethnic group until the twentieth century. In Dagestan, they are also sometimes referred to as Padars. The Tarakama originated in various parts of Shirvan and were resettled by Khan Muhammad of Kaitag to the north of the city of Derbent around 1600. From then on, the area inhabited by them has been referred to as the Tarakama mahal (district) and constituted an administrative unit until the early twentieth century.^[28] The district included 10 villages. In 1736, around 300 Tarakama families from Kaitag advanced further across theSulak River and settled on the Terek Valley in three villages, where they later mixed with theKumyks.^[29] The rest gradually assimilated among Azerbaijanis and today for the most part consider themselves Azerbaijani.^[30] They are mainly Sunni and speak a variety of Azeri, close to the dialect ofShamakhy.

Such assimilation notably affected not only Turkic-speaking peoples of Dagestan. In the past, southern Dagestan had a largeTat population which originally spoke anIranian language like other Tats. In 1866, they numbered 2,500 people^[11] and by 1929 lived in seven villages, including Zidyan, Bilgadi, Verkhny Chalgan, and Rukel.^[31] However, by the beginning of the twentieth century most of them had become Azeri-speaking and assumed Azeri identity in the later decades.^[11] Today, 16 out of 40 settlements in Derbent are majority-Azeri populated, and in nine more, Azeris constitute either a relative majority or a significant minority: Berikei, Delichoban, Velikent, Verkhny Chalgan, Nizhny Chalgan, Sabnova, Dzhemikent, Zidyan, Zidyan-Kazmalyar, Mitagi, Mitagi-Kazmalyar, Kala, Mugarty, Muzaim, Padar, Kommuna, Rukel, Tatlyar, Karadagly, Bilgadi, Belidzhi, Arablinsky, Arablyar, Gedzhukh, Chinar, Nyugdi, Rubas, Salik, Ullu Terekeme, Khazar, the town of Mamedkala.

Derbent was still a predominantly Azeri (calledTranscaucasian Tatars in older Russian sources) town in 1897, with 9,767 persons constituting 66.7% of its population.^[32] Decades later, even though their numbers continued to grow, due to heavy immigration in the town, as of 2010, Azeris constituted just 32.3% of its total population with 38,523 persons.^[33]

In the historical region ofTabasaran, ethnic Azeris populate the left bank of the Rubas river. The growth and establishment of ethnic Azeris in this region has heavily depended on assimilation processes. In 1876, manyTabasarans were already in the process of switching fromTabasaran to Azeri as their first language.^[34] In addition, from the Middle Ages, the population of a number of villages in Tabasaran, namely Arablyar, Gimeidi, Darvag, Yersi, and Kemakh consisted ofethnic Arabs who were gradually being absorbed by the neighbouring population, mainly Azeri, such as in Yersi. In 1929, Kemakh was listed among Tat-populated villages, whereas Gimeidi (abandoned in 1976) was described as mixed Tat and Azeri. These Tats, in turn, were assimilated by Azeris in the following decades. Arablyar, which is now part of theKurakh Rayon, currently has mixedLezgin and Azeri population.^[31] Residents of Darvag retained the knowledge ofArabic as a first language until the 1930s, after which they also integrated linguistically and ethnically into the Azeri surrounding.^[35]

Currently ethnic Azeris constitute majority in the villages of Maraga, Hili-Pendzhik (including the settlement of Yekrag), Tsanak, Arak, Yersi, Darvag, and Zil. The villages of Arkit and Khurvek, as well the district capital Khuchni are mixed Azeri and Tabasaran. Azeris of Tsanak, Arak, Yersi, and Khuchni are normally bilingual in Azeri and Tabasaran, showing preference for Tabasaran when talking to their Tabasaran neighbours even if the latter know Azeri.^[11]

Nizhny Katrukh is the only Azeri village in theRutul Rayon. Azeris of Nizhny Katrukh consider themselves descendants of the people of Shirvan who were captured by the mountaineers during one of their raids into the plains around 1700, taken to theShamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh (aLak state of the time) and made subjects of the Shamkhal. According to a local legend, only two of the original seven settlers were Azeri, though it was the Azeri identity that came to dominate.^[36] The village today consists of seven quarters, populated by people of various waves of pre-Czarist immigration.^[37] Azeris of Rutul speak a distinct dialect of Azeri, which displays a heavyLak substratum (despite general ethnicRutul dominance in the district).^[38] The first newspaper in Rutul,Gizil Choban, established in 1932, was printed in Azeri.^[39]

For centuries Azeri has been thelingua franca of Southern Dagestan,^[40] used both to communicate with Azeris and with mountaineers whose languages were unrelated or considered unintelligible.^[41] In the sixteenth century, it became widespread in theSamur Valley and by the nineteenth century, the Azeri language spread across all of the foothill and lowland regions of Dagestan, and was one of the languages of trade and interethnic communication, along withKumyk andAvar.^[42]

Historically the peoples of Southern Dagestan were oriented toward the cultural and behavioural norms of Azerbaijan, as well as depended on its economy.^[11] In the course of history, they found themselves almost fully immersed in the Azeri linguistic and cultural milieu. According to Dagestani anthropologist Magomedkhan Magomedkhanov, through the Azeri language, the people of this region "achieved material benefits, satisfaction of cultural needs, as well as creative and spiritual inspiration."^[43]Lezgian,Tabasaran,Rutul, andAghul poets were creating poetry in Azeri already in the seventeenth century.^[44] Beginning in 1917, the works ofKumyk authors have displayed influences of Azeri literature.^[45] First plays in the amateur Lezgian theatre established in 1907 were performed in the Azeri language.^[46] Azeri music and singing traditions played a major role in the cultural integration of the peoples of Southern Dagestan.^[11] Music was performed through Azeri folk instruments, such astar andkamancha and the Azerimugham became a well-celebrated genre of music among the peoples of Dagestan.^[47] Lezgian music in particular shares many similar features with Azeri music.^[46] Azeri songs were played and performed at Tabasaran weddings as late as in the 1980s. According to Belarusian Jewish traveller Joseph Cherny, who visited the region in 1870,Mountain Jews of Dagestan had largely adopted Azeri cultural values and lifestyles, and even read liturgical prayers with a Tat translation and an Azeri tune.^[11] As for the Lezgian, Rutul,Tsakhur and other Nakh-Dagestani-speaking population, the Azeri language affected their cultural sphere^[11] and was a primary source for many loanwords,^[48][49] leaving their everyday speech behaviour mostly intact.^[11] The Tabasaran language is considered the most influenced by Azeri,^[50] which has contributed many nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verb forms and even auxiliary words and morphemes.^[51]

In 1861, the first secular school in Southern Dagestan opened in the Lezgian village ofAkhty, and Azeri was taught there along with Russian.^[52] The learned masses preferred to use Arabic in formal communication, which is why in 1920, Arabic was chosen over the largely unwritten indigenous languages of Dagestan as a means of public education. The atheist policies of the Soviet government, however, attempted to eliminate religion from everyday life. Arabic soon became seen as a link between the Dagestanis and their Islamic heritage. Thus in 1923, Azeri became the language of education in all of Dagestan. According to Alibek Takho-Godi, DagestaniPeople's Commissar (minister) of Justice in the 1920s (himself ofDargwa origin), local Nakh-Dagestani languages were "not taken seriously as a means of nation-building due to their excessive number."^[11] Azeri retained its status until 1928, when education in other local languages, as well as in Russian, was introduced.^[53]

Azeri remained as the most popular second language in Southern Dagestan at least until the 1950s,^[41] spoken with various degrees of popularity as far north as in theTindi villages ofTsumada.^[54] It is noteworthy that historically among Tindis^[54] and especially Aghuls, who lived relatively far from the Azeri settlements, usually only males spoke Azeri or any second language; and only those who visited the lowlands for seasonal labour.^[55] Beginning in the 1950s, the use of Azeri as a common second language and lingua franca has been in decline, as it could no longer compete with Russian.^[11] As of 2010, 13,648 Lezgians (2.93%), 5,665 Tabasarans (3.96%), 3,105 Avars (0.35%), and 1,379 Dargwa (0.24%) living in Russia claimed speaking Azeri, mostly as a second language (the figures in brackets indicate the percentage of the speakers of Azeri in relation to the overall ethnic population that reported language command).^[56] In Dagestan, the number of non-Azeri speakers of the Azeri language (as either a first or second language) was still in the thousands in 2010.^[57]

According to the Dagestani constitution, the official languages of Dagestan are Russian and "all local languages", though only 14 of the republic's numerous languages have writing systems, one of them being Azeri.^[58]

Diplomatic missions and merchants fromShirvan and theSafavid Empire first appeared in Russia in the fourteenth and fifteenth century.^[59] Despite theRussian Empire conquering what is now Azerbaijan in the early nineteenth century and its incorporation into theSoviet Union in 1920, the Azeri population did not tend to leave its traditional areas of settlement until the second half of the twentieth century.^[60] However, isolated communities of Azeris in Russia can trace their existence to the mid-nineteenth century.

The population of maritimeCaspian regions has historically had strong economic ties with the city ofAstrakhan on the northern Caspian shore. Starting in the 1830, Azeri merchants began settling in this city, with three of them controlling up to 80% of commercial navy later in the century.^[61] Azeris, known to the local population asPersians orShamakhy Tatars, numbered around one thousand persons in 1879.^[62] Azeri oil industrialist,first-guild merchantShamsi Asadullayev, founder of the Asadullayev Trade Affairs, built an oil base not far from Astrakhan, in a settlement presently known as Asadullayevo.^[61] The Azeri community of Astrakhan grew in the Soviet times and in 2010 consisted of 5,737 people, making Azeris the fourth largest ethnicity in the oblast and 1.31% of its total population.^[63] The religious life of the Azeris in Astrakhan is centred around the 1909 Kriushi Mosque, which was closed down in 1932, and recently reopened and renovated as a Shiite mosque and named the Baku Mosque (by virtue of being located on Baku Street).^[62] The Azeri language is taught as a subject at theAstrakhan State University.^[61]

Shamsi Asadullayev was based in Moscow from 1903 until his death in 1913. He allocated money for the construction of a secular school for Muslim boys and girls and a Muslim community centre in Moscow. The four-story building erected after his death on Maly Tatarsky Lane came to be known as the Asadullayev House. It is currently owned by the Tatar National Cultural Autonomy of Moscow.^[64]

Similarly to all Muslims of theCaucasus and Central Asia, Azeris were exempt from compulsory military service in the Russian Imperial army, but were required to pay a special tax. Those willing to serve were allowed to enlist in irregular units, such as theSavage Division.^[65] At the same time, there was no restriction for Azeris (and other Muslim subjects of the Russian Empire) to be trained as officers. In 1805,Mammad Hasan agha Javanshir became one of the first Russianmajor generals of Azeri origin.^[66] Ethnic Azeri officers commanded Russian troops in a series of wars, including the Russo-Persian wars of1804–1813 and1826–1828, Russo-Turkish wars of1828–1829 and1877–1878, the suppression of theHungarian Revolution of 1848, theCrimean War, theCaucasian War, and the Russian conquest of Central Asia.^[67]

In 1905, Azeri political figures were among those who established the first Islamic party of Russia,Ittifaq al-Muslimin, in the city ofNizhny Novgorod. An Azeri member, lawyerAlimardan Topchubashov, was elected its leader. The party was officially registered in 1908.^[68] There were six ethnic Azeris elected in theState Duma of the Russian Empire in the1906 Russian legislative election, six more in the February 1907 election and one in each of the following elections.^[69]

In the decades following World War II, Azeris have played significant a role in developing Russian economy. Azerbaijani geologistFarman Salmanov, who later established himself in Moscow, discovered rich oil reserves inSiberia which had previously been considered as an unlikely oil-bearing region.Surgut International Airport, the third busiest airport inWestern Siberia, is was renamed after Salmanov following online voting.^[70] With many of them involved inentrepreneurship, Azeris have been employed in major economical areas, such as trade and oil industry. Among Russia's 100 richest people ranked byForbes in 2004, three ethnic Azeris were ranked 10, 66 and 74.^[71]

Azeris have established numerous cultural communities, the largest one being the All-Russian Azeri Congress and the Azeri Federal National Culture Autonomy, which control smaller communities across Russia. In addition, the Moscow Public Secondary School No. 157 is set up for students with keen interest in the Azeri language and culture.^[72]

A 2005 study indicated noticeable social differences between two groups of Azeris: those who are native to or have lived considerable parts of their lives in Moscow and those who are recent immigrants. About half of the people in the first group have a post-secondary degree, whereas among immigrant Azeris only 25% do. Fluency in the Russian language is characteristic of virtually all of those in the first group (moreover, 24% of Azeris from this group reported it as their first language), while almost one-third of those in the second group speak very limited Russian. About half of Azeri newcomers are engaged in commerce and service sector, compared to the native and earlier immigrant Azeris who tend to pursue careers in sciences, health care, education and the arts.^[73]

In general, among ethnic Caucasus diasporas in Moscow, Azeris stand out as the least integrated into Russian society. They have been described as the strongest adherents to their traditions and marriages within their own ethnic community compared to local Armenians, Georgians, Ukrainians, and Tatars. According to a 2006 survey, 71% of Moscow Azeris described themselves as being religious. A great number of them have retained Azerbaijani citizenship and is willing to relocate back to Azerbaijan at some point.^[74] The2010 Russian census saw a decrease in the number of Azeris in Russia compared to the previous census, with 603,070 Azeris (with 21.7% of them in Dagestan) compared to 621,840 in 2002 (with 18% in Dagestan). Over 97% of Azeris living in Russia know the Russian language.^[56] Close to 84% considers Azeri their first language.^[75] Among Azeris of Dagestan, the number of speakers of Azeri as a first language is over 99%.^[76]

Azeris in the Russian Federation have faced discrimination, although racial conflict has had a rapid decline since 2008.^[77]

On 29 June 2025, Azerbaijan'sMinistry of Culture canceled all Russian-related cultural events nationwide in response to the deaths of two Azerbaijanis in police custody inYekaterinburg.^[78][79]

• Milyukov

• Tamilla Abassova, racing cyclist,2004 Olympic silver medalist
• Geydar Dzhemal, philosopher
• Emin Garibov, artistic gymnast
• Ruslan Gasimov, judoka
• Murad Hüseynov, football player
• Stalic Khankishiev, chef, photographer, cooking writer
• Georgiy Mamedov, diplomat, currently ambassador to Canada
• Ramiz Mamedov, retired football player
• Karim Mammadbeyov, revolutionary and early Soviet politician
• Timur Rodriguez, showman, singer
• Aleksandr Samedov, football player
• Ramil Sheydayev, football player
• Tofig Zulfugarov, former Azerbaijani foreign minister

Azerbaijanis born elsewhere

• Aras Agalarov, businessman, billionaire, founder of Crocus International
• Emin Agalarov, businessman, singer and songwriter
• Farkhad Akhmedov, politician, businessman, founder of Northgas
• Vagit Alekperov, President of the leading Russianoil companyLUKOIL
• Avraamy Aslanbegov, Russian admiral
• Zafar Guliyev, wrestler,1996 Olympic bronze medalist
• Habibullah Huseynov, Soviet colonel and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Rustam Ibragimbekov, screenwriter,Academy Award winner
• Alexander Kazembek, 19th-century Russian linguist and scholar
• Kerim Kerimov, part ofSoviet space program
• Muslim Magomayev, singer
• Emin Makhmudov, football player
• Enver Mamedov, Soviet diplomat, mass media manager
• Tahir Mamedov, TV host, entertainer, actor, comedian and singer
• Ilgar Mammadov, fencer, Olympics winner1988 and1996
• Heydar Mammadaliyev, wrestler,2004 Olympic silver medalist, world champion
• Musa Manarov, cosmonaut, flight engineer on Soyuz TM-4
• Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, Cavalry General and General-Adjutant of the Emperor of Russia
• Vugar Orujov, wrestler,1992 Olympic bronze medalist
• Farman Salmanov, geologist who first discoveredoil fields inSiberia
• Tahir Salahov, artist
• Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov Tabrizi, intellectual and social reformer

• Azerbaijani people
• List of Russian Azerbaijanis
• Armenians in Russia
• Iranians in Russia
• Turks in Russia
• Azerbaijan–Russia relations
• Russians in Azerbaijan
• Demographics of Russia
• Dagestan
• Dagestani Azerbaijanis

• (in Russian)Azeris in Russia

• Asian diaspora in Russia
• European diaspora in Russia
• Azerbaijani diaspora in Europe
• Azerbaijan–Russia relations
• Russian people of Azerbaijani descent
• Muslim communities of Russia
• Ethnic groups in Russia

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