| Awaswas | |
|---|---|
| Santa Cruz | |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | California |
| Extinct | 19th century[1] |
| Dialects | four varieties[2] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | (included inNorthern Ohlone [cst]) |
| Glottolog | sant1428 |
 Map of Ohlone varieties with Awaswas | |
Awaswas, orSanta Cruz, is one of eightOhlone languages. It was historically spoken by theAwaswas people, anindigenous people of California. The last speaker of Awaswas died in the 19th century, and the language has been extinct ever since.[1]
Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area, but it was renamed to Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages.[3] 'Awaswas' is derived from the termʔawas-was, meaning 'north-people from there'.[4]
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The Awaswas lived in theSanta Cruz Mountains and along the coast of present-daySanta Cruz County from present-dayDavenport toAptos. Awaswas became the main language spoken at theMission Santa Cruz.[5] However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguistic, and that the records of the "Santa Cruz Costanoan" language in fact represent several diverse dialects. A report from 1952 identified four different distinct forms of Costanoan[2] and a more recent report from 2009 states, "No area in North America was more crowded with distinct languages and language families than central California at the time of Spanish contact."[3]
The Ohlone language group is broken into branches with the most related languages grouped together. Awaswas has been grouped in both the northern and southern branches with different research disagreeing on the best fitting classification. Some branches within the Ohlone language group have been described as being as similar to each other as different local dialects of Italian, while others, such asRumsen,Mutsun, and Awaswas "were as closely related as French, Spanish, and Portuguese."[3]
In 2012,Amah Mutsun [Wikidata] Tribal Chairman Valentin Lopez stated that "his great-great-grandmother was the last of the Awaswas speakers."[6]
Italics indicate extinct languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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