| Manchester | |
|---|---|
 Avro Manchester Mk.1A 'L7486' (with extended tail fins) | |
| General information | |
| Type | Heavy bomber |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Avro |
| Primary users | Royal Air Force |
| Number built | 209 |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1940–1941 |
| Introduction date | November 1940 |
| First flight | 25 July 1939 |
| Retired | 1942 |
| Developed into | Avro Lancaster |
TheAvro 679 Manchester was a British twin-engineheavy bomber developed and manufactured by theAvro aircraft company in the United Kingdom. While not being built in great numbers, it was the forerunner of the more famed and more successful four-enginedAvro Lancaster, which was one of the most capablestrategic bombers of theSecond World War.
Avro designed the Manchester in conformance with the requirements laid out by the BritishAir MinistrySpecification P.13/36, which sought a capablemedium bomber with which to equip theRoyal Air Force (RAF) and to replace its twin-engine bombers, such as theArmstrong Whitworth Whitley,Handley Page Hampden andVickers Wellington. Performing itsmaiden flight on 25 July 1939, the Manchester entered squadron service in November 1940, just over twelve months after the outbreak of the war.
Operated by the RAF and theRoyal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), the Manchester came to be regarded as a failure, primarily as a result of itsRolls-Royce Vulture engines, which were underdeveloped and hence underpowered and unreliable, and production was terminated in 1941. The Manchester was redesigned as a four-engined heavy bomber, powered by theRolls-Royce Merlin engine instead, which became known as the Lancaster.
The Manchester has its origins in a design produced by Avro to fulfil the BritishAir Ministry'sSpecification P.13/36. This was the same specification to whichHandley Page had also produced their initial design for what would become theHalifax bomber.[1] Issued in May 1936, Specification P.13/36 called for a twin-engine monoplane "medium bomber" for "worldwide use", which was to be capable of carrying out shallow (30°)dive bombing attacks and carry heavy bomb loads (8,000 lb (3,600 kg)) or two 18 in (460 mm)torpedoes.[2][3] Provisions to conduct catapult assisted takeoffs, which would permit the carriage of the maximum payload, was another requirement, although this provision was removed in July 1938.[4] The envisioned cruising speed of the bomber was to be a minimum of 275 mph (443 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m).[5] The Air Ministry had expectations for an aircraft of similar weight to theB.1/35 specification but smaller and faster.
Avro had already started work on a corresponding design prior to having received a formal invitation to tender. The company was in competition withBoulton Paul,Bristol,Fairey, Handley Page andShorts. Vickers also had its Warwick, which hadNapier Sabre engines but eventually chose against tendering it. In early 1937, the Avro design and the rival Handley Page HP.56 were accepted and prototypes of both ordered but in mid-1937, the Air Ministry exercised their right to order the types "off the drawing board". This skipping of the usual process was necessary due to the initiation of a wider expansion of the RAF in expectation of another great European war. From 1939, it was expected that the P.13/36 would begin replacing the RAF's medium bombers, such as theArmstrong Whitworth Whitley,Handley Page Hampden andVickers Wellington.
The Avro design used theRolls-Royce Vulture 24-cylinderX-block engine, which was twoRolls-Royce PeregrineVeecylinder blocks mounted one on top of the other, the bottom one inverted to give the "X" shape.[6] When developed in 1935, the Vulture engine had promise — it was rated at 1,760 hp (1,310 kW) but it proved woefully unreliable and had to be derated to 1,480–1,500 hp (1,100–1,120 kW). Avro's prototype ManchesterL7246, was assembled by their experimental department at Manchester'sRingway Airport and first flew on 25 July 1939, with the second aircraft following on 26 May 1940.[2][7] The Vulture engine was chosen by Avro and not stipulated by the Air Ministry as is sometimes claimed; other engine layouts considered were the use of twoBristol Hercules orBristol Centaurusradial engines.[6][a] The Handley Page HP.56, always intended as the back-up to the Avro, was redesigned to take four engines on the orders of the Air Ministry in 1937, when the Vulture was already showing problems.[11][b]
While the Manchester was designed with atwin tail, the first production aircraft, theMk I, had a central fin added and twenty aircraft like this were built. They were succeeded by theMk IA which reverted to the twin-fin system with enlarged and taller fins andrudders mounted on a newtailplane, with span increased from 22 ft (6.7 m) to 33 ft (10 m). This configuration was carried over to the Lancaster, except for the first prototype, which also used a central fin and was a converted, unfinished Manchester.[12] Avro constructed 177 Manchesters whileMetropolitan-Vickers completed 32 aircraft. Plans forArmstrong Whitworth andFairey Aviation at Ringway (nowManchester Airport) to build the Manchester were abandoned. Fairey's order for 150 Manchesters was replaced by orders for the Halifax.
The Avro Manchester was designed with great consideration for ease of manufacture and repair.[13] The fuselage of the aircraft comprised longitudinal stringers orlongerons throughout, over which an external skin of aluminium alloy was flush-riveted for a smooth external surface.[13] The wings were of a two-spar construction, the internal ribs being made of aluminium alloys; fuel was contained with several self-sealing fuel tanks within the wings.[14] The tail shared a similar construction to the wing, featuring a twin fin-and-rudder configuration that provided good vision for the dorsal gunner.[15]
The cockpit housed the pilot and fighting controller's position underneath the canopy, and these two crew members were provided with all-round vision. The navigator was seated aft of the fighting controller and the position included anastrodome for use of asextant.[15] The bomb aimer's station was housed inside the aircraft's nose, beneath the forward turret and bomb aiming was conducted using optical sights housed in this compartment.[16] For crew comfort on lengthy missions, a rest area was situated just to the rear of the main cabin.[17]
The aircraft's undercarriage was entirely retractable via hydraulic systems, or in an emergency, a backup air system.[13] The doors to thebomb bay were also operated by these systems, an additional safety measure was installed to ensure that the bombs could not be dropped if the doors were shut.[16] The bombs were housed on bomb racks inside the internal bomb bay, and other armaments such as torpedoes could also be fitted.[16] All fuel tankage was located in the wings in order to keep the fuselage free to accommodate more armaments in the bomb bay which covered nearly two-thirds of the underside of the fuselage.[6]
Vulnerable parts of the aircraft were armoured; the pilot had additional armour and bulletproof glass and an armoured bulkhead was to the rear of the navigator's position.[15] The Manchester featured three hydraulically-operated turrets, located in the nose, rear and mid-upper fuselage;[12] the addition of aventral turret directly behind the bomb bay had been considered and tested on the second prototype, but did not feature on production aircraft.[c][6] Access to all crew stations was provided by a walkway and crew positions had nearby escape hatches.[18]
The Manchester was powered by a pair of Vulture engines; in service these proved to be extremely unreliable. Aviation author Jon Lake stated of the Vulture: "The engine made the Manchester mainly notable for its unreliability, poor performance, and general inadequacy to the task at hand" and attributed the aircraft's poor service record to the engine troubles.[12]
I was one of the six original pilots to have flown with the first Manchester squadron. That was a disaster. The aircraft itself, the airframe, had many shortcomings in equipment in the beginning, but as we found out Avro were excellent in doing modifications and re-equipping the aeroplane. The engines never were and never did become reliable. They did not give enough power for the aeroplane, so we ended up with two extremely unreliable 1,750 hp engines having to haul a 50,000-pound aircraft. We should really have had 2,500 hp engines. You felt that if you'd lost one, that was it, you weren't coming home. It didn't matter if you feathered the propeller or not. There was only one way you went and that was down. I have seen an aircraft doing a run up on the ground and have two pistons come right out through the side of the engine. The original bearings were made without any silver as an economy measure, so they weren't hard enough. The bearings would collapse the connecting rod and the piston would fling out through the side of the engine and bang! Your engine just destroyed itself.[19][permanent dead link]
On 5 August 1940, the first production Avro Manchester,L7276, was delivered toRAF Boscombe Down in advance of service acceptance trials.[4] In November 1940, the Manchester officially entered service with the newly reformedNo. 207 Squadron ofRAF Bomber Command. The type passed all acceptance tests by 21 December 1940, and 207 Squadron had at least eight Manchesters on strength by the end of 1940.[20] The Manchester's first operational mission was conducted on 24–25 February 1941 in a raid on theFrench port ofBrest.[21][22] On 13 March 1941,L7319 became the first Manchester to be shot down by enemy fire.[23]
On 13 April 1941, all Manchesters were temporarily grounded due to a higher than expected number of enginebearing failures; on 16 June 1941, a second grounding of the type was ordered due to more engine troubles.[24] The unserviceability of the Vulture engine forced squadrons to make use of obsolete bombers such as the Hampden in its place. Upon the restart of operations in August 1941, additional failings were encountered; excessive tail flutter, hydraulic failures and faultypropeller feathering controls.[25] Production of the Manchester was halted in November 1941, by which point a total of 202 aircraft had been constructed. A total of eight bomber squadrons were equipped with the type, it also served in two further squadrons and also saw use byRAF Coastal Command.[22]
While modifications were made by Avro to address some of the technical issues experienced, unit strength suffered and Bomber Command was frequently unable to raise significant numbers of aircraft to participate in large bombing missions; on 7 November 1941, all of the RAFs serviceable bombers had been dispatched to bombBerlin, out of a force of over 400 bombers, only 15 were Manchesters.[26] On 3 March 1942, out of a force of nearly 200 bombers sent against aRenault factory nearParis, 25 were Manchesters;[27] while during thefirst 1,000 bomber raid onCologne on 30 May 1942, 35 Manchesters were amongst the 1,047 bombers sent to attack the city.[28] Flying OfficerLeslie Manser was posthumously awarded theVictoria Cross for his actions while piloting ManchesterL7301 of50 Squadron during the Cologne bombing mission.[29]
TheMk III Manchester (serial numberBT308) which first flew on 9 January 1941, was essentially the first Lancaster, featuring a longer wing fitted with four Rolls-Royce Merlins in new unitized,power-egg nacelles – originally developed by Rolls-Royce for the Merlin-poweredBeaufighter II – although initially retaining the three fins and twin outboard rudders (the central fin had no movable control surface) of the Manchester I.BT308 received the "Lancaster" name immediately after its first flight. The second prototype LancasterDG595 featured the twin, enlarged fins and rudders of the Manchester IA. Manchester production continued until November of that year but some aircraft that were still in production were instead completed as Lancasters.
The 193 operational Manchesters flew 1,269 sorties with Bomber Command, dropping 1,826 tons (1,657 tonnes) of bombs and lost 78 aircraft in action, flying its last operation againstBremen on 25 June 1942.[30][31] A further 45 were non-operational losses of which 30 involved engine failure. The Manchester was withdrawn from operations in mid-1942 in favour of more capable aircraft. Its final role in RAF service was as instructional trainers for converting crews to the RAF's new Lancaster bombers; the Manchester and Lancaster shared nearly identical crew positions and fuselages.[31] The type persisted in use for training purposes into 1943 before being completely retired.[12]
In total two prototypes and 200 production aircraft were built before the production lines changed to building the four-engine Lancaster.
Data from Aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1918–57,[22] Avro Aircraft since 1908,[30] Flight[13]
General characteristics
Performance
Armament
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
