| Avestan | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Period | 400–1000 AD |
| Direction | Right-to-left script  |
| Languages | Avestan language,Middle Persian |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Avst(134), Avestan |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Avestan |
| U+10B00–U+10B3F | |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
TheAvestan alphabet (Avestan:𐬛𐬍𐬥 𐬛𐬀𐬠𐬌𐬭𐬫𐬵transliteration:dīn dabiryªh,Middle Persian:transliteration:dyn' dpywryh,transcription:dēn dibīrīh,Persian:دین دبیره,romanized: din dabire) is a writing system developed during Iran'sSasanian era (226–651 CE) to render the Avestan language.
As a side effect of its development, the script was also used forPazend, a method of writingMiddle Persian that was used primarily forZend commentaries on the texts of theAvesta. In the texts ofZoroastrian tradition, the alphabet is referred to as "the religion's script" (dēn dibīrīh in Middle Persian anddin dabireh in New Persian).
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The development of the Avestan alphabet was initiated by the need to represent recitedAvestan language texts correctly. The various text collections that today constitute the canon ofZoroastrian scripture are the result of a collation that occurred in the 4th century, probably during the reign ofShapur II (309–379). It is likely that the Avestan alphabet was anad hoc[2] innovation related to this—"Sassanid archetype"—collation.
The enterprise, "which is indicative of a Mazdean revival and of the establishment of a strict orthodoxy closely connected with the political power, was probably caused by the desire to compete more effectively with Buddhists, Christians, andManicheans, whose faith was based on a revealed book".[2] In contrast, the Zoroastrian priesthood had for centuries been accustomed to memorizing scripture—following by rote the words of a teacher-priest until they had memorized the words, cadence, inflection and intonation of the prayers. This they passed on to their pupils in turn, so preserving for many generations the correct way to recite scripture. This was necessary because the priesthood considered (and continue to consider) precise and correct enunciation and cadence a prerequisite of effective prayer. Further, the recitation of the liturgy was (and is) accompanied by ritual activity that leaves no room to attend to a written text.
The ability to correctly render Avestan did, however, have a direct benefit: By thecommon era, the Avestan language words had almost ceased to be understood, which led to the preparation of theZend texts (from Avestanzainti "understanding"), commentaries on and translations of the canon. The development of the Avestan alphabet allowed these commentaries to interleave quotation of scripture with explanation thereof. The direct effect of these texts was a "standardized" interpretation of scripture that survives to the present day. For scholarship these texts are enormously interesting, since they occasionally preserve passages that have otherwise been lost.
The 9th–12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition suggest that there was once a much larger collection ofwrittenZoroastrian literature, but these texts—if they ever existed—have since been lost, and it is hence not known what script was used to render them. The question of theexistence of a pre-Sassanid "Arsacid archetype" occupied Avestan scholars for much of the 19th century, and, "[w]hatever may be the truth about the ArsacidAvesta, the linguistic evidence shows that even if it did exist, it can not have had any practical influence, since no linguistic form in theVulgate can be explained with certainty as resulting from wrong transcription and the number of doubtful cases is minimal; in fact it is being steadily reduced. Though the existence of an Arsacid archetype is not impossible, it has proved to contribute nothing to Avestan philology."[2]
ThePahlavi script, upon which the Avestan alphabet is based, was in common use for representing variousMiddle Iranian languages, but was not adequate for representing a religious language that demanded precision since the Pahlavi script was a simplifiedabjad syllabary with at most 22 symbols, some of which were ambiguous (i.e. could represent more than one sound).
In contrast, Avestan was a full alphabet, with explicit characters for vowels, and allowed for phonetic disambiguation ofallophones. The alphabet included many characters (a,i,k,t,p,b,m,n,r,s,z,š,xv) closely resembling Book Pahlavi of the early Islamic Persia, while some (ā,γ) are characters that only exist in the older (6th–7th c. AD)Psalter Pahlavi script (in later cursive Pahlaviγ andk have the same symbol).[3] Some of the vowels, such asə appear to derive fromGreek cursives.[3] Avestano is a special form of Pahlavil that exists only in Aramaic signs. Some letters (e.g.ŋ́,ṇ,ẏ,v), are free inventions.[4]
Avestan script, like Pahlavi script and Aramaic script also, is written from right to left. In Avestan script, letters are not connected, and ligatures are "rare and clearly of secondary origin".[3]
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In total, the Avestan alphabet has 37 consonants and 16 vowels. There are two main transcription schemes for Avestan, the newer orthography used byKarl Hoffmann and the older one used byChristian Bartholomae.
| Letter | Transcription[5] | IPA | Unicode | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoff. | Bar. | |||
| 𐬀 | a | a | /a/ | U+10B00: AVESTAN LETTER A |
| 𐬁 | ā | ā | /aː/ | U+10B01: AVESTAN LETTER AA |
| 𐬂 | å | — | /ɒ/ | U+10B02: AVESTAN LETTER AO |
| 𐬃 | ā̊ | å | /ɒː/ | U+10B03: AVESTAN LETTER AAO |
| 𐬄 | ą | ą | /ã/ | U+10B04: AVESTAN LETTER AN |
| 𐬅 | ą̇ | — | /ã:/ | U+10B05: AVESTAN LETTER AAN |
| 𐬆 | ə | ə | /ə/ | U+10B06: AVESTAN LETTER AE |
| 𐬇 | ə̄ | ə̄ | /əː/ | U+10B07: AVESTAN LETTER AEE |
| 𐬈 | e | e | /e/ | U+10B08: AVESTAN LETTER E |
| 𐬉 | ē | ē | /eː/ | U+10B09: AVESTAN LETTER EE |
| 𐬊 | o | o | /ɔ/ | U+10B0A: AVESTAN LETTER O |
| 𐬋 | ō | ō | /oː/ | U+10B0B: AVESTAN LETTER OO |
| 𐬌 | i | i | /ɪ/ | U+10B0C: AVESTAN LETTER I |
| 𐬍 | ī | ī | /iː/ | U+10B0D: AVESTAN LETTER II |
| 𐬎 | u | u | /ʊ/ | U+10B0E: AVESTAN LETTER U |
| 𐬏 | ū | ū | /uː/ | U+10B0F: AVESTAN LETTER UU |
| 𐬐 | k | k | /k/ | U+10B10: AVESTAN LETTER KE |
| 𐬑 | x | x | /x/ | U+10B11: AVESTAN LETTER XE |
| 𐬒 | x́ | ḣ | /xʲ/,/ç/ | U+10B12: AVESTAN LETTER XYE |
| 𐬓 | xᵛ | xᵛ | /xʷ/ | U+10B13: AVESTAN LETTER XVE |
| 𐬔 | g | g | /ɡ/ | U+10B14: AVESTAN LETTER GE |
| 𐬕 | ġ | — | /ɡʲ/,/ɟ/ | U+10B15: AVESTAN LETTER GGE |
| 𐬖 | γ | γ | /ɣ/ | U+10B16: AVESTAN LETTER GHE |
| 𐬗 | c | č | /t͡ʃ/ | U+10B17: AVESTAN LETTER CE |
| 𐬘 | j | ǰ | /d͡ʒ/ | U+10B18: AVESTAN LETTER JE |
| 𐬙 | t | t | /t/ | U+10B19: AVESTAN LETTER TE |
| 𐬚 | ϑ | ϑ | /θ/ | U+10B1A: AVESTAN LETTER THE |
| 𐬛 | d | d | /d/ | U+10B1B: AVESTAN LETTER DE |
| 𐬜 | δ | δ | /ð/ | U+10B1C: AVESTAN LETTER DHE |
| 𐬝 | t̰ | t̰ | /t̚/[6] | U+10B1D: AVESTAN LETTER TTE |
| 𐬞 | p | p | /p/ | U+10B1E: AVESTAN LETTER PE |
| 𐬟 | f | f | /f/ | U+10B1F: AVESTAN LETTER FE |
| 𐬠 | b | b | /b/ | U+10B20: AVESTAN LETTER BE |
| 𐬡 | β | w | /β/ | U+10B21: AVESTAN LETTER BHE |
| 𐬢 | ŋ | ŋ | /ŋ/ | U+10B22: AVESTAN LETTER NGE |
| 𐬣 | ŋ́ | ŋ́ | /ŋʲ/ | U+10B23: AVESTAN LETTER NGYE |
| 𐬤 | ŋᵛ | — | /ŋʷ/ | U+10B24: AVESTAN LETTER NGVE |
| 𐬥 | n | n | /n/ | U+10B25: AVESTAN LETTER NE |
| 𐬦 | ń | — | /ɲ/ | U+10B26: AVESTAN LETTER NYE |
| 𐬧 | ṇ | n, m | /ŋ/ [verification needed] | U+10B27: AVESTAN LETTER NNE |
| 𐬨 | m | m | /m/ | U+10B28: AVESTAN LETTER ME |
| 𐬩 | m̨ | — | /m̥/[7] | U+10B29: AVESTAN LETTER HME |
| 𐬪 | ẏ | y | /j/ | U+10B2A: AVESTAN LETTER YYE |
| 𐬫 | y | /j/ | U+10B2B: AVESTAN LETTER YE | |
| 𐬌𐬌 | ii | /ii̯/[6] | U+10B0C: AVESTAN LETTER I(doubled) | |
| 𐬬 | v | v | /w/ | U+10B2C: AVESTAN LETTER VE |
| 𐬎𐬎 | uu | /uu̯/[6] | U+10B0E: AVESTAN LETTER U(doubled) | |
| 𐬭 | r | r | /r/ | U+10B2D: AVESTAN LETTER RE |
| 𐬮 | l | l | /l/ | U+10B2E: AVESTAN LETTER LE |
| 𐬯 | s | s | /s/ | U+10B2F: AVESTAN LETTER SE |
| 𐬰 | z | z | /z/ | U+10B30: AVESTAN LETTER ZE |
| 𐬱 | š | š | /ʃ/ | U+10B31: AVESTAN LETTER SHE |
| 𐬲 | ž | ž | /ʒ/ | U+10B32: AVESTAN LETTER ZHE |
| 𐬳 | š́ | š | /ɕ/ | U+10B33: AVESTAN LETTER SHYE |
| 𐬴 | ṣ̌ | /ʂ/ [verification needed] | U+10B34: AVESTAN LETTER SSHE | |
| 𐬵 | h | h | /h/ | U+10B35: AVESTAN LETTER HE |
| Letter | Hoff. | Bar. | IPA | Unicode |
| Transcription | ||||
Later, when writingMiddle Persian in the script (i.e.Pazend), another consonant𐬮 was added to represent the/l/ phoneme that didn't exist in the Avestan language (PIE *l in Avestan merged with /r/ in all positions).
Four ligatures are commonly used in Avestan manuscripts:[8]
U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER can be used to prevent ligatures if desired.For example, compare𐬱𐬀 (U+10B31 10B00) with𐬱𐬀 (U+10B31 200C 10B00).
Fossey[9] lists 16 ligatures, but most are formed by the interaction of swash tails.
Numerals are in the Faulmann chart (see picture), near the bottom.
Words and the end of the first part of a compound are separated by a dot (in a variety of vertical positions). Beyond that, punctuation is weak or non-existent in the manuscripts, and in the 1880sKarl Friedrich Geldner had to devise one for standardized transcription. In his system, which he developed based on what he could find, a triangle of three dots serves as a colon, a semicolon, an end of sentence or end of section; which is determined by the size of the dots and whether there is one dot above and two below, or two above and one below. Two above and one below signify—in ascending order of "dot" size—colon, semicolon, end of sentence or end of section.
| Mark | Function | Unicode |
|---|---|---|
| ⸱ | word separator | U+2E31: WORD SEPARATOR MIDDLE DOT |
| · | U+00B7: MIDDLE DOT | |
| . | U+002E: FULL STOP | |
| 𐬹 | abbreviation or repetition | U+10B39: AVESTAN ABBREVIATION MARK |
| 𐬺 | colon | U+10B3A: TINY TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION |
| 𐬻 | semicolon | U+10B3B: SMALL TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION |
| 𐬼 | end of sentence | U+10B3C: LARGE TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION |
| 𐬽 | alternative mark for end of sentence (found in Avestan texts but not used by Geldner) | U+10B3D: LARGE ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION |
| 𐬾 | end of section (may be doubled for extra finality) | U+10B3E: LARGE TWO RINGS OVER ONE RING PUNCTUATION |
| 𐬿 | alternative mark for end of section (found in Avestan texts but not used by Geldner) | U+10B3F: LARGE ONE RING OVER TWO RINGS PUNCTUATION |
The Avestan alphabet was added to theUnicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The characters are encoded at U+10B00—10B35 for letters (ii anduu are not represented as single characters, but as sequences of characters[10]) and U+10B38—10B3F for punctuation.
| Avestan[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+10B0x | 𐬀 | 𐬁 | 𐬂 | 𐬃 | 𐬄 | 𐬅 | 𐬆 | 𐬇 | 𐬈 | 𐬉 | 𐬊 | 𐬋 | 𐬌 | 𐬍 | 𐬎 | 𐬏 |
| U+10B1x | 𐬐 | 𐬑 | 𐬒 | 𐬓 | 𐬔 | 𐬕 | 𐬖 | 𐬗 | 𐬘 | 𐬙 | 𐬚 | 𐬛 | 𐬜 | 𐬝 | 𐬞 | 𐬟 |
| U+10B2x | 𐬠 | 𐬡 | 𐬢 | 𐬣 | 𐬤 | 𐬥 | 𐬦 | 𐬧 | 𐬨 | 𐬩 | 𐬪 | 𐬫 | 𐬬 | 𐬭 | 𐬮 | 𐬯 |
| U+10B3x | 𐬰 | 𐬱 | 𐬲 | 𐬳 | 𐬴 | 𐬵 | 𐬹 | 𐬺 | 𐬻 | 𐬼 | 𐬽 | 𐬾 | 𐬿 | |||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
