Autonomous Nationalists adoptedBlack Bloc demonstration tactics from left-wing antifascist groups.
The phenomenon of the Autonome Nationalisten can be traced to "Freie Nationaliste" (Free Nationalists), "Freie Kräfte" (Free Forces) and "Freie Kameradschaften" (Free Comradeships) movements, which developed in the shadow of the Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) (National Democratic Party of Germany) since the late-1980s. The police crackdown on the far-right after re-unification and the wave of banning in the early 1990s ("Deutsche Alternative", "Nationalistische Front", "Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei", among others) forced most of the local extreme far-right militant groups to split into "autonomous nationalist cells" of 5-20 members without a formal membership. Instead of conducting regular meetings, they started to use phones and later Internet for communication and organizing.[13] Local cells formed loose umbrella networks in the regions to coordinate actions.[14] In 2008, Germany's Autonomous Nationalists were estimated to number approximately 400 people, 1% of the country's neo-Nazis.[15][16] The GermanFederal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, which provides domestic intelligence for the government, estimated the number of active participants of the far right movement in 2008 around 40,000.[17] According to theSouthern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), in 2001 there were 75 extreme-right organizations in Germany with 50,000 members.[18]
The emergence of the Autonome Nationalisten was controversial within theGerman far right milieu, both because some older activists of the German extreme right objected to their "leftist" image and because the NPD feared they would complicate its efforts to take part in mainstream politics.[19] Also controversial was that Autonome Nationalisten had occasionally expressed sympathy forIslamic extremism, as well asHezbollah andHamas for their opposition toZionism andAmerican imperialism.[1] The same controversies arose among thefar right in Poland.
The Autonomous Nationalists in Europe made themselves visible starting from 2003–2004 and are now considered more violent than other members of the European far right.[6][15] However, as of 2010, according to Miroslav Mareš, their impact in these countries has been limited so far.[19]
The Autonomous Nationalist current has been represented inFinland by a group calledMusta Sydän (Black Heart) led by Ali Kaurila. The group was allegedly behind a stabbing attack on left-wing activists.[2]Musta Sydän has also organized neo-NaziHardcore concerts attended by bands from Germany and Italy on the anniversary of theKristallnacht inTurku.[20]
Researchers view thesyncretic political movement of the Autonomous Nationalists in Europe as a "strategic concept, organization and subculture – all three terms are possible for the designation of this phenomenon."[19] They emphasize that,
autonomous nationalism as a political tendency certainly punches above its weight. It has influenced and sparked debates within the German far right, as well as within fascist youth movements in other European countries. As such it opens up questions over the future of fascist organisation in Europe, at a time when network politics appears to exert stronger mobilising factors than traditional organisational structures.[21]: 297
The Autonomous Nationalists were ideologically inspired byStrasserism.[19] The message of AN shifted to anti-globalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-imperialist ideas. It promotes complete organizational decentralization and autonomy inside the movement.[22]
The adoption of codes and symbols of thefar left "Autonome Antifa" by the "Autonome Nationalisten" coincided with the persistence of vibrant alternative subcultures of the radical left and rejection of traditional skinhead cultural-political templates of behavior of the extreme right.[23] The AN thus see themselves as 'autonomous' from established neo-Nazi programs and structures, developing their own ideological discourse, street message, action repertoire, music scenes and fashion codes.[24] These are often meant to display anti-capitalist and anti-systemic rebellion and opposition to globalization and 'Americancultural imperialism'.[21] The AN also raised some social and economic issues, including poverty.[25] At present time (2011), they are firmly entrenched in the neo-Nazi movement.[26]
^abcdMareš, Miroslav (25 March 2010). "Transnational Activism of Extreme Right Youth in East Central Europe".Paper (First Draft) for the International Conference "Far Right Networks in Northern and Eastern Europe", Uppsala University, March 2010:5–6.
^Sommer, Bernd. Anti-capitalism in the name of ethno-nationalism: ideological shifts on the German extreme right,Patterns of Prejudice, V. 42, No. 3 (2008): 305-316.
^Schedler, Jan. The Devil in Disguise: Action Repertoire, Visual Performance and Collective Identity of the Autonomous Nationalists,Nations and Nationalism, V. 20, No. 2: 239-258, (2014).
Decker, Oliver, Marliese Weißmann, Johannes Kiess, und Elmar Brähler.Die Mitte in der Krise. Rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2010.(in German)
Braun, Stephan, Alexander Geisler, und Martin Gerster.Strategien der extremen Rechten: Hintergründe - Analysen - Antworten. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009.(in German)
Hafeneger, Benno, und Sven Schönfelder.Politische Strategien gegen die extreme Rechte in Parlamenten: Folgen für kommunale Politik und lokale Demokratie : Eine qualitative Studie. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2007.(in German)
Roth, Roland.Demokratie braucht Qualität!: Beispiele guter Praxis und Handlungsempfehlungen für erfolgreiches Engagement gegen Rechtsextremismus. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2010.(in German)
Schedler, Jan.Autonome Nationalisten. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Nr. 44/2010, S. 20–26, (2010).(in German)
Schedler, Jan und Alexander Häusler (Hrsg.).Autonome Nationalisten Neonazismus in Bewegung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011.ISBN978-3-531-17049-7(in German)
Schedler, Jan. The Devil in Disguise: Action Repertoire, Visual Performance and Collective Identity of the Autonomous Nationalists,Nations and Nationalism, V. 20, No. 2: 239-258, (2014).
Schlembach, Raphael. The ‘Autonomous Nationalists’: New developments and contradictions in the German neo-Nazi movement,Interface: A journal for and about social movements, Volume 5 (2): 295 - 318, (November 2013).
