Anautomatic firearm orfully automatic firearm (to avoid confusion withsemi-automatic firearms) is aself-loading firearm that continuouslychambers and firesrounds when thetrigger mechanism is actuated. Theaction of an automatic firearm is capable of harvesting the excess energy released from a previous discharge to feed a newammunitionround into thechamber, and then igniting thepropellant and discharging theprojectile (eitherbullet,shot, orslug) by delivering ahammer orstriker impact on theprimer.
Ifboth the feeding and ignition procedures are automatically cycled, the weapon will be considered "fully automatic" and will fire continuously as long as the trigger is kept depressed and the ammunition feeding (either from amagazine or abelt) remains available. In contrast, a firearm is considered "semi-automatic" if it only automatically cycles to chamber new rounds (i.e.self-loading), but does not automatically fire off the shot unless the user manually resets (usually by releasing) and re-actuates the trigger, so only one round gets discharged with each individual trigger-pull.[1] Aburst-fire firearm is an "in-between" of fully and semi-automatic firearms, firing a brief continuous "burst" of multiple rounds with each trigger-pull, but then will require a manual re-actuation of the trigger to fire another burst.
Automatic firearms are further defined by the type ofcycling principles used, such asrecoil operation,blowback,blow forward, orgas operation.
Self-loading firearms are designed with varying rates of fire due to having different purposes. The speed with which a self-loading firearm can cycle through the functions of:
is referred to as its cyclic rate. In fully automatic firearms, the cyclic rate is tailored to the purpose the firearm is intended to serve. Anti-aircraft machine guns often have extremely high rates of fire to maximize the probability of a hit. In infantry support weapons, these rates of fire are typically much lower and in some cases, vary with the design of the particular firearm. TheMG 34 is aWWII-era machine gun which falls under the category of a "general purpose machine gun". Its recoil-operated firing mechanism allowed it to fire between 800 and 900 rounds per minute,[2] but it was designed with a theoretical cyclic rate of fire between 1,000[3] and 1,200[4] rounds per minute.
Continuous fire generates high temperatures in a firearm's barrel and increased temperatures throughout most of its structure. If fired continuously, the components of the firearm will eventually suffer structural failure. All firearms, whether they are semi-automatic, fully automatic, or otherwise, will overheat and fail if fired indefinitely. This issue tends to present itself primarily with fully automatic fire. For example, the MG34 may have a calculated cyclic rate of 1,200 rounds per minute, but is likely to overheat and fail in the space of one minute of continuous fire.[5]
Semi-automatic firearms may also overheat if continuously fired. Recoil plays a significant role in the time it takes to reacquire one's sight picture, ultimately reducing the effective rate of fire.[6]
Automatic firearms can be divided into six main categories:
Burst mode is an automatic fire mode that limits the number of rounds fired with each trigger pull, most often to three rounds. After the burst is fired, the firearm will not fire again until the trigger is released and pulled again. Burst mode was implemented into firearms due to the inaccuracy of fully automatic fire in combat, and because of suggestions that fully automatic fire has no genuine benefit. Additionally, many militaries have restricted automatic fire in combat due to the ammunition wasted.[8]
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Possession of automatic firearms tends to be restricted to members ofmilitary andlaw enforcement organizations in most developed countries, even in those that permit the civilian use of semi-automatic firearms. Where automatic weapons are permitted, restrictions and regulations on their possession and use may be far stricter than for other firearms.[1] In theUnited States, taxes and strict regulations affect the manufacture and sale of fully automatic firearms under theNational Firearms Act of 1934 and theFirearm Owners Protection Act of 1986. The latter of these acts banned civilian machine gun ownership, grandfathering in existing legally owned weapons. As legally owned weapons were registered under the NFA, this meant only previously registered automatic weapons may be purchased. A prospective user must go through an application process administered by theBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), which requires a federal tax payment of $200 and a thorough criminalbackground check. The tax payment buys arevenue stamp, which is the legal document allowing possession of an automatic firearm. The use of agun trust to register with the ATF has become an increasingly popular method of acquisition and ownership of automatic firearms.[9]
Other similar weapons not usually referred to as automatic firearms include the following: