| Austrian Civil War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theinterwar period | |||||||
 Soldiers of the Austrian Federal Army in Vienna, 12 February 1934 | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Ludwig Bernaschek  Richard Bernaschek |  Engelbert Dollfuss Emil Fey | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 10,000 – 20,000 rebellingSchutzbund members[1] | Federal Army, police, gendarmeries, and paramilitaryHeimwehr forces (est. 60,000)[1] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Estimated 110 killed[1] 399 wounded[2] 9 executed[3] | Estimated 110 killed[1] 319 wounded[2] | ||||||
| Estimated 110 civilians killed | |||||||
TheAustrian Civil War (German:Österreichischer Bürgerkrieg) of 12–15 February 1934, also known as theFebruary Uprising (Februaraufstand) or theFebruary Fights (Februarkämpfe), was a series of clashes in theFirst Austrian Republic between the forces of the authoritarianright-wing government ofEngelbert Dollfuss and theRepublican Protection League (Republikanischer Schutzbund), the banned paramilitary arm of theSocial Democratic Workers' Party of Austria. The fighting started when League members fired on the Austrian police who were attempting to enter the Social Democrats' party headquarters inLinz to search for weapons. It spread from there toVienna and other industrial centres in eastern and central Austria. The superior numbers and firepower of the Austrian police andFederal Army quickly put an end to the uprising. The overall death toll is estimated at 350.[1]
The socialists' defeat led to arrests, executions and the banning of the Social Democratic Party. In May 1934, Austria's democratic constitution was replaced by the authoritarian constitution of theFederal State of Austria, with theFatherland Front as the only legal party.
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After thedissolution ofAustria-Hungary in October 1918, theRepublic of Austria formed as aparliamentary democracy. Two major factions dominated politics in the new country:socialists (politically represented by theSocial Democratic Workers' Party) andconservatives (represented by theChristian Social Party). The socialists had their strongholds in the working-class districts of the cities, while the conservatives built on support from the rural population and most of the upper class. The conservatives also maintained close ties to theCatholic Church.
In the late 1920s the polarised political situation in Austria was exacerbated byparamilitary units such as the Home Guard (Heimwehr) on the right and theRepublican Protection League (Republikanischer Schutzbund) of the Social Democrats (SDAPÖ) on the left. By the start of the civil war the Heimwehr were openlyfascist and opposed democracy,[4] while the Republican Protection League saw itself as a protector of theAustrian Republic[5] holding theAustromarxist position on thedictatorship of the proletariat that was pro-democracy as part of the Social Democrats' party program.[6] The still smallAustrian Nazi Party had itsSA andSS, which were also organized as paramilitary units.
Political antagonisms in Austria escalated in 1927 when members of the right-wing Front Fighters' Union (Frontkämpfervereinigung) inSchattendorf (Burgenland) shot and killed two people, including a child, during a demonstration by the Republic Protection League. In the trial of the Schattendorf case, the jury acquitted the alleged perpetrators. On 15 July 1927, the day after the verdict, the SDAPÖ's leadership was not able to control the demonstrations of an outraged crowd. During theJuly Revolt, theVienna Palace of Justice was stormed and set on fire. After police guardrooms were also attacked, the police president,Johannes Schober, gave orders to disperse the demonstrators with armed force. People who were trying to flee as well as some who were not involved in the demonstration were caught in the police fire. The result was 89 dead, including four policemen, and 1,000 wounded.[7]
The problems facing the First Republic worsened in the following years. TheGreat Depression resulted in high unemployment, and afterAdolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933,Nazi sympathisers who wantedunification of Austria with Germany threatened the Austrian state from within.
On 4 March 1933,Engelbert Dollfuss, the Christian Social chancellor,suspended the Austrian Parliament. In a close vote on railway workers' wages in theNational Council, each of the three presidents of parliament tactically resigned from their positions to cast a ballot, which left nobody to preside over the meeting. Even though the bylaws could have resolved the situation, Dollfuss used the opportunity to declare that Parliament had ceased to function and then blocked all attempts to reconvene it. Police forces barricaded the parliament building to prevent members from entering.[8] The SDAPÖ thus lost its primary platform for political action. The Christian Socialists, facing pressure and violence not only from the left but also from Nazis infiltrating from Germany, were able to rule by decree on the basis of a 1917 emergency law. They began to suspend civil liberties and imprison members of the Social Democratic Party.[9]
In the wake of armed conflicts, theCommunist Party of Austria (KPÖ) was banned on 26 May 1933,[10] as was the SDAPÖ's Republican Protection League on the 31st.[11]
Dollfuss, theFatherland Front and the Heimwehr then set about the destruction of the last remnants of the Social Democratic and Marxist-oriented workers' movement. On 24 January 1934, the order went out to search party buildings and members' homes for weapons belonging to the Protection League. The leaders of the SDAPÖ did not respond to the step-by-step disempowerment and disarming of their movement. Their cornerstone policy allowed them to fight only if the party were banned, the unions dissolved or the government of "Red Vienna" suppressed.[12]
In the early morning hours of 12 February 1934, when police went to search for weapons at theLinz party headquarters of the Social Democrats in theHotel Schiff, the members of the Protection League, under their local commander Richard Bernaschek, opened fire. A coded telegram to him from the SDAPÖ's leaders that warned him urgently against any action and instructed him to await the decision of party leadership had been intercepted by the authorities and never reached him.[13]
The fighting spread to other cities and towns in Austria. In Vienna, members of the Protection League barricaded themselves in city council housing estates (Gemeindebauten), which served as symbols and strongholds for the socialist movement in Austria. Police and paramilitaries took up positions outside the fortified complexes, and the parties exchanged small arms fire. Fighting also occurred in industrial towns includingSteyr,Sankt Pölten,Weiz,Eggenberg (Graz),Kapfenberg,Bruck an der Mur,Graz,Ebensee, andWörgl.
A decisive moment in the conflict came when theAustrian armed forces, which had remained a comparatively independent institution, entered on the side of the government. Dollfuss orderedKarl-Marx-Hof, a council housing estate, to be shelled with light artillery, endangering the lives of civilians and destroying many flats before the socialist fighters surrendered. The fighting ended in Vienna andUpper Austria by 13 February, but continued in Styrian cities, especially in Bruck an der Mur andJudenburg, until 14 February. By 15 February 1934, the Austrian Civil War had ended.[14]
The police, Army and Heimwehr divisions that supported them had defeated the poorly networked Protection League relatively easily. Between 10,000 and 20,000 workers stood against a superior force of almost 60,000 men from the gendarmerie and police, the Army and home defence forces.[1] Besides the imbalance in numbers and the Austrian Army's use of artillery, the major reason for the uprising's collapse was likely the failure of the call for a general strike to be heeded. The hoped-for solidarity of law enforcement with the insurgents also did not come about. The Army, police and gendarmerie all remained loyal to the state.[15]
In large parts of the country, (Lower Austria,Carinthia, Salzburg,Tyrol,Vorarlberg and Burgenland) complete calm prevailed. Leading Social Democrats in Carinthia and Vorarlberg distanced themselves at the outset from the uprising. The mayor ofKlagenfurt and the deputy governor of Carinthia announced their resignations from the SDAPÖ.
Austria, or even just Vienna, was far from being in a state of complete turmoil. The daily newspapers of the time had only short reports on the revolts.Stefan Zweig, a contemporary observer who was inclined towards the SDAPÖ, wrote:
I was in Vienna during those historic February days and saw nothing of the decisive events that played out in Vienna and knew nothing, not the slightest bit, while they were happening. Cannons were fired, houses occupied, hundreds of corpses carried away – I saw not a single one. ... In the city's central districts, everything went on as quietly and regularly as usual, while in the suburbs the battle raged, and we foolishly believed the official reports that everything was already settled and done with.[16]
The Dollfuss government published a statement on 1 March 1934 reporting that 193 civilians had been killed and 493 wounded in the fighting, while among the police and Army there were 104 dead and 309 wounded. Analyses by later researchers vary widely, going as high as British journalistGeorge Eric Rowe Gedye's estimate of 2,000 dead and 5,000 wounded.[17] According to a comprehensive 2018 study by historian Kurt Bauer, between 350 and 370 people lost their lives in the fighting – about 130 of them uninvolved civilians and 110 each among the government forces and members of the Protection League. The largest number of deaths – about 200 to 220 – were in Vienna.[1][18]
On 11 November 1933, all of Austria had been placed under martial law, during which the death penalty was reintroduced for certain crimes. An emergency decree of 12 February 1934 extended the list to rebellion, so that Protection League members who had been taken prisoner while armed (estimated at 10,000)[19] could be sentenced to death. The defendants were tried within three days in abbreviated procedures by summary courts consisting of four professional judges.[20][21]
The summary courts condemned 24 people to death, of whom 15 were pardoned.[22] Nine men, some of them prominent members of the Protection League, were executed.[15] Carrying out the death sentences was controversial even among those in the government who were responsible for it. Heimwehr leaderErnst Starhemberg saw it as a shameful act of revenge and without sense, whileEmil Fey, also a leader in the Heimwehr, insisted on the executions. Pleas for clemency from CardinalTheodor Innitzer and theHoly See were ignored. The detention camp atWöllersdorf, which opened in the fall of 1933 for opponents of the regime – initially mostly communists andNational Socialists – also held Social Democrats after February 1934.[23]
The leadership of the SDAPÖ underOtto Bauer (the leading theoretician ofAustromarxism),Julius Deutsch and others fled toCzechoslovakia on 13 February,[24] a move that the representatives of the government exploited as propaganda.
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The incidents of February 1934 were taken as a pretext by the government to ban the Social Democratic Party and its affiliated trade unions altogether. In May, the conservatives replaced the democratic constitution by acorporatist constitution[25] modelled along the lines ofBenito Mussolini'sfascistItaly, for which the socialists coined the termAustrofascism. ThePatriotic Front, into which the Heimwehr and the Christian Social Party were merged, became the only legal political party in the resulting authoritarian regime, theFederal State of Austria.[26]
The government found itself isolated domestically because the Social Democrats – above all due to the death sentences that had been carried out – turned away from the state and either called for open resistance using such means as leaflets or went into a kind of inner emigration. In his speech during the 1936socialist trial [de] of 28 people accused of violating the ban on the SDAPÖ,Bruno Kreisky (who was himself on trial) alluded to the issue:[27]
It is also possible that in a difficult moment, the government will have to call on the broad masses of the people to defend the borders. But only a democratic Austria will respond to such a summons. Only free citizens will fight against the gagging of Austria.[28]
In detention centres and prisons of the Second Republic, Social Democrats and National Socialists come into contact with one another. For both, 'Austrofascism' was the enemy. The common ground was to affect the political assessments of former National Socialists afterWorld War II.
With a greater passage of time it became clear that Austria's ability to resist National Socialism was decidedly weakened by the Austrian Civil War and its consequences. By later estimates, only about a third of the Austrian population supported the dictatorial state.
After the Second World War, when Austria reemerged on the political landscape as a sovereign nation, politics again fell under the domination of the Social Democrats and the conservatives, the latter in theAustrian People's Party (ÖVP). To avoid repeating the bitter divisions of the First Republic, leaders of theSecond Republic of Austria were determined to promote the principle of a broad consensus as a core element of the new political system. They introduced the concept of theGrand coalition in which the two major parties shared the government and avoided open confrontation. The new system brought with it stability and continuity.
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