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| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| VenetoCalabriaRomeMilianSicily | |
| Rome | 30,000[1] |
| Milan | 10,000[1] |
| Languages | |
| Australian English andItalian | |
| Religion | |
| Roman CatholicProtestant | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Italian Australians,Australian diaspora,Australians | |
Australians in Italy consist of Australian individuals who travel to Italy on a permanent or/and temporary basis.[2] There were over 30,000Australians in Italy as of 2002,[3] including dual citizens (Italian Australians). Approximately two-thirds are settled inRome while the rest are mainly inMilan. Australian expatriates in Italy over the age of 15 account for 5.9% (172,000) of all Australian expatriates, in comparison to the United Kingdom accounting for 33.4% (969,000) within 1999–2003. 12.6% of these individuals entered Italy with a tertiary education.[4] Australian tourism within Italy accounted for 1.3% of total tourism within Italy, and staying on average 10.5 nights within 2018. Australian tourists stay longer on average in Italy than other tourists visiting for non-UE countries.[5] Australia and Italy have a bilateral relationship regarding trade developments such as agreements surroundingfree trade, partnership in building security measures, and international relation schemes such asBrexit.[6] Australia has various other agreements with Italy including a working holiday visa, defence industry cooperation, and economic and commercial cooperation agreements.[6] Australia has two embassies in Italy, one inRome and the other inMilan.[6] These bodies manage public diplomacy and collaborate with Australian companies such as 'Screen Australia' to produce films within the Italian landscape.[6]
Italian Australians,Dual citizens, Australianexpatriates, AustralianInternational students,Roman Catholic priests, Australian tourists are amongst many other Australian individuals who travel to Italy. TheCOVID-19pandemic (2019–2021) has made it difficult for Australians to travel to Italy including an international travel ban, and limited flight carriers operating.[7] A minority of Australian Italian individuals have migrated back to Italy to be re-assimilated into their cultural heritage.[8] Australian Italians also travel back to Italy short term to visit relatives and friends.[9] Australian tourists and International students travel to Italy to study or observe the historical sites.[10][8] AustralianRoman Catholic priests and other religious leaders travel to Italy for meetings with Vatican officials such as theVatican II meeting, or for other Religious vocation such as study.[11]
Australians entering Italy must have a validAustralian passport (validity of a minimum of three months) and may requireSchengen visa corresponding to the amount of time they intend on staying in Italy whether that is on a permanent or temporary basis.[12] From 1991 until 2003, 32,863 Australians departed for Italy from Australia.[8] There are various categories of Australians departures including returning Italian migrants, individuals with Italian heritage, dual-citizens, and expatriates.[8] Australians who arrive in Italy and intend to work and stay for a period longer than 90 days must obtain a residency permit, complemented by a residency contact (employer).[13] There are three types of permits; 3–12 month stay, 12–24 month stay, 2–5 year stay.[13] Statistics show that from 2007, 35.8% of Australian departures were permanent whilst 63.9% were long term individuals of ages 20–39.[14] While, figures from 2007 to 2012 demonstrate individuals 25–39 account for the majority of Australian departures to Italy on both permanent and temporary basis.[14] In 2006, a study of 7,900 Australians overseas were Italian-born, whilst 60.8% had an Italian heritage.[14] In 2007, the majority of the 30,000 Australians in Italy were positioned in Rome (two-thirds), whilst 10,000 were in Milan.[8] Within this population, 18,000 are dual-nationals.[8] TheAustralian embassy in Rome stated that there is a decline in short-term and permanent basis Australians in Italy.[8]
There is a low percentage (13%) of Australians in Italy with a high level of education, however there is a large percentage of Australians with highly qualified jobs within Italy.[8] Therefore, immigration studies suggest that 87% of those with no education are returning migrants who moved to Australia on a temporary basis, to the labour force which had low qualified jobs.[8]
On 8 March 2020 theCOVID-19 pandemic put the majority of Italy in lockdown due to the high number of coronavirus cases.[citation needed] TheLombardy,Veneto andEmilia-Romagna regions that had a high number of cases and, put major cities such asMilan on lockdown.[citation needed] During this lockdown,educational institutions, tourist attractions, offices and other businesses were forced to closed or to operate remotely, and a regional travel ban was put in place.[citation needed] This ban impacted 16 million people.[citation needed] Australia placed an overseas travel ban, to its citizens.[7] They are only allowed to exit the country with an exception from theAustralian Department of Home Affairs.[7] A level 3 non-essential travel advisory was put into place.[7] This impacted millions of Australians from entering Italy.[citation needed] Australians were only able to leave Australia with an exemption.[7] The economic impact in Italy within the first three months recorded a 200 million euro impact.[citation needed]
TheVatican II Council announced byPope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 was anEcumenical Council that sought to modernise theRoman Catholic church.[15] It consisted of a four-year congregation of religious figures such as bishops and scholars participating in various debates, and resulting in various religious documents containing liturgical doctrines and a renewed practice of the Catholic faith being written.[15]
Eris O'Brien (1895–1974) born inCondobolin,New South Wales, Australia was an archbishop and academic who has written various published letters and books such as "The Dawn of Catholicism in Australia".[16] O'Brien ventured toRome firstly in September 1934, to gain knowledge about Cardinal Francis Moran's life as he was selected to write a bibliography on his legacy.[16] He returned to Rome in 1962 to attend the Vatican II meeting.[16] In this vocation, O'Brien delivered a speech of the third intervention on marital notions inspired by his previous publications.[11] This intervention can be found in the "Acta Synodalia".[11]
Cardinal SirNorman Thomas Gilroy (1896–1977) born inGlebe, Sydney, was a theologian andArchbishop who attended the Vatican II meeting from 1962 until 1965.[17] Gilroy was a member of the Council of Presidency. His scholarship within this council entitled him to direct debates.[17] However, he was later demoted due to the inclusion of more knowledgeable theologists, which consequently led to the repudiation of his contributions.[17] It was to his discretion that higher authoritative figures such as the Pope and his Government at the time to make such decisions.[17] Gilroy expressed his concern within the first session of the meeting to withstand following the teachings of the writings of the council, more specifically those of "De Ecclesia".[11]
TheSynod for the bishops of Oceania was aCatholic gathering of bishops fromAustralasia in theVatican.[8] It was initiated byPope John Paul II.[8] The synod began in November 1998, and consisted of 117 bishops that aimed to modernise the traditional views of the Vatican, and appropriate them to suit the Australasian community.[8] The Vatican officials however, did not agree on the practices and ideas of the Australian bishops, and thus, has created tension between the Australasian and Roman bishops.[8] This disagreement is seen in the "Statement of Conclusions" written by the Vatican officials before the meeting came to a resolution.[8]
In 2016, there were 174,042 first-generation Italian-Australians within Australia 40.5% (70,527) settling in Victoria, and 28.4% (49,476) settling in New South Wales.[18] 86.3% of these Italian-Australians in 2016 arrived before 2007.[18] During and post WWII, there was heavy industrialisation ofweaponry and agriculture within Australia, providing an abundance of job opportunities. Conversely, in Italy post WWII there was a downturn in industrialisation, resulting in increased unemployment rates, and a heavy deflation in their economy.[citation needed] There was a large economic separation between the Northern and Southern parts of Italy, which catalysed a further downturn in their economy, affecting individuals' abilities to meet their basic needs.[19] The Italians were prompted by the government to leave andmigrate to other countries.[19] Australia aimed to increase their population by 1% per year (75,000).[20] Arthur Carwell, Australia's first minister of Immigration, introduced an assisted passage scheme in 1952 with the United Kingdom which was later adjusted and formally opened to Italy after a small reduction in Immigration rates.[21] Within this scheme, Italians were selected by the ItalianMinistry of Labor and Social Security [it] to be employed in industrial and agricultural jobs that lacked employees.[21] The Italian and Australian government divided the cost for these individuals to migrate.[21]
Within 1960–1975, of 90,000Italian migrants, 22% of Italian Australians returned to Italy for permanent residence.[22] This on average was after over a decade of living in Australia, and constituted both Italian born, and Australian born individuals with Italian heritage.[22] Associazione Nazionale Emigrati ed Ex emigrati in Australia (ANEA) is an organization which began in 1976 in Italy, in an attempt to reintegrate Italian Australians back into Italy, whilst maintaining a connection with Australia.[22] The organisation was later known to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs facilitates conferences each year placing emphasis on social and cultural reintegration.[23] Within the 1970s many Italian-Australians fromQueensland,New South Wales, Victoria, andSouth Australia returned toVeneto, Trentino and Calabria within both North and Southern regions of Italy.[22]
Between the 19th and 20th century Australians who visited Italy for tourism purposes entailedBritish Australians.[10] These individuals were exposed to theRoman Catholic sector of Christianity which conflicted with theirProtestant views.[10] Within the 1950sItalian Australians were also a predominant group of Australian tourism in Italy.[10] Within 2006, 70% of Australians leaving Australia consisted of individuals going to visit relatives within different countries.[24] The large population of Italian Australians within Australia have influenced tourism to Italy due to their migrant cultural influence on Australians.[25] This familiarised Australians with the Italian culture and created a sense of curiosity, directing more tourists to Italy.[25] Within this period, the modernisation of the Italian film industry introduced Australians to the culture and landscape of Italy with the work of directors such asDe Sica.[10]
Australian tourists staying in Italy for a period under 90 days within a 180-day period do not require aSchengen visa.[12] As of 2021, Australians must obtainETIAS authorisation in 2021. This authorisation will be valid for a period of five years.[12] Within the last two decades, a stronger relationship between Italy and Australia, and the evolution of transport systems has further increased Australian tourism into Italy.[10] In 2011–2012, 51.5% of inbound arrivals to Italy were tourists.[14] However, due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in 2020, 90% of accommodation and travel bookings were cancelled inRome, and 80% cancelled inSicily.[citation needed]
Educational Tourism is the concept of individual's traveling to a foreign place to learn, experiment and thus, report on foreign historical, social, and cultural contexts.[26] Australian educational tourism volume increased within the 1970s.[22] The predominant regions of Italy to be visited by Australian scholars entails Rome, Florence and Venice, however the scope of education is not limited to these cities.[22] Scholars have the ability to travel elsewhere to conduct primary research as a result of the boom in globalisation.[22] The University of Sydney (NSW, Australia) within the 1980s introduced an educational Alumni travel program.[22] Similarly, Wollongong Universities (NSW, Australia) introduced a similar program called "Odyssey Travel".[22] These programs opened the opportunity for Australians to travel and study abroad in Italy whilst also conducting their university degrees.[22]
