Australian nationalism is theideology,movement and sentiment that emphasizes the identity,culture, and interests ofAustralia as a nation-state, asserting the identity ofAustralians as a distinctnation, regardless of its previously derivative and colonial status.[1][2] It encompasses a range of beliefs and values that are often rooted inAustralia's history,geography, and socio-political context.[3] Key elements of Australian nationalism include a sense of national pride, attachment toAustralian symbols such asthe flag andnational anthem, and a focus on promoting Australia's sovereignty and independence.[4]
Historically, Australian nationalism emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Australia moved towards federation and gained independence fromBritish colonial rule,[2][5] developing itself in three pivotal historical traditions: thelabour movement, therepublican movement andnativism.[6] It was shaped by factors such as the experiences of early settlers and the desire for a distinct Australian identity separate from British influence.[2][7]
By the early 19th century, Australia was governed as a series of six largelyself-governing colonies that were spread acrossthe continent and were part of theBritish Empire.[8] The nameAustralia was popularised by explorerMatthew Flinders and first used officially byGovernor Macquarie.[9] Some historians have described the first emergence of an Australian national movement in the mid-19th century.[10] Attempts to coordinate governance had failed in the 1860s due to a lack of popular support and lack of interest from theBritish government, but by the 1880s, and with the rise ofnationalist movements in Europe, the efforts to establisha federation of the Australian colonies began to gather momentum. The British government supported federation as a means to cement British influence in the South Pacific.[11]
Figures likeWilliam Wentworth,John Dunmore Lang andBanjo Patterson championed Australian identity during the colonial era.
Nationalistic sentiments increased as a result of Australia's participation in theFirst andSecond World Wars, with concepts such as "mateship" becoming a cornerstone of Australian nationalism.[12]
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