 | This article needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(March 2025) |
 | |
 Australia |  Russia |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Australia, Moscow | Embassy of Russia, Canberra |
| Envoy | |
| Ambassador John Geering | Ambassador Aleksey Pavlovsky |
Foreign relations betweenAustralia andRussia (Russian:Российско-австралийские отношения) date back to 1807, when theRussian warshipNeva arrived inSydney as part of its circumnavigation of the globe. Consular relations between Australia and theRussian Empire were established in 1857. Diplomatic relations between Australia and theSoviet Union were established in 1942, and the firstAustralian embassy opened in 1943. Due to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations became very tense after Australia imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placedAustralia on alist of "unfriendly countries", along withSouth Korea, theUnited States,European Union members,NATO members (except Turkey),New Zealand,Singapore,Japan,Switzerland,Micronesia,Canada,Taiwan, andUkraine.
Relations between the two countries severely deteriorated in 2014 due toRussia's invasion of Crimea and the downing ofMalaysia Airlines Flight 17, which claimed the lives of 38 Australians.[1]In 2017, according to aPew Research Center survey, 37% of Australians had a favourable view of Russia, with 55% expressing an unfavourable view.[2] Relations further deteriorated in 2022 as a result of Russia'sfull-scale invasion of Ukraine.[3] At the time, aLowy Institute study reported that only 5% of surveyed Australians said that they trust Russia ‘somewhat’ or ‘a great deal’ to act responsibly in the world, a 21-point fall from 2021.[4]
Peter the Great was familiar withNew Holland through his connections with theDutch, and theEmpire in the 18th century tried several times, unsuccessfully, to reach theAustralian continent.[5]
Contacts between Russia and Australia date back to 1803, whenSecretary of State for the ColoniesLord Hobart wrote toGovernor of New South WalesPhilip Gidley King in relation to the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe byAdam Johann von Krusenstern andYuri Lisyansky.[6] As the Russian andBritish empires were allies in thewar against Napoleon, theRussian warship Neva, with CaptainLudwig von Hagemeister at the helm, was able to sail intoPort Jackson on 16 June 1807.[5][7] Hagemeister and the ship's officers were extended the utmost courtesy byGovernorWilliam Bligh, with the Governor inviting the Russians to Government House for dinner and a ball.[8]
This was the beginning of personal contacts between Russians and Australians, and Russian ships would continue to visit Australian shores, particularly as a stop on their way to supplying the Empire'sNorth American colonies.Suvorov commanded by CaptainMikhail Lazarev spent twenty-two days inNew South Wales in 1814, when it brought news ofNapoleon's defeat, and this was followed up by the 1820 visit ofOtkrytiye andBlagonamerenny. In 1820,Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen andMikhail Vasilyev arrived inNew South Wales, on boardAntarcticresearch shipsVostok andMirny, under the command of Mikhail Lazarev. Bellingshausen returned to Sydney after discoveringAntarctica, spending the winter at the invitation of GovernorLachlan Macquarie. Macquarie played the greatest role in the expression ofRussophilia in the Colony, ensuring that the Russian visitors were made to feel welcome.[7][9]
While in Sydney, Bellingshausen collected information on thecolony, which he published in Russia asShort Notes on the Colony of New South Wales. He wrote that Schmidt, anaturalist who was attached to the Lazarevexpedition, discovered gold nearHartley, making him the first person to discover gold in Australia. While in Sydney, on 27 March 1820, officials from the colony were invited on boardVostok to celebrateOrthodox Easter, marking the first time that aRussian Orthodox service was held in theAustralian Colonies.[7][10]
Although Russia and Britain were allies against Napoleon, thecapture of Paris in 1814 by theImperial Russian Army caused consternation with the British in relation toTsarAlexander's intention of expanding Russian influence which would compete with Britain's own imperial ambitions. Further visits to the Colony of New South Wales in 1823 byRurik andApollon, along with the 1824 visits byLadoga andKreiser, caused concern with the colony authorities, who reported their concerns toLondon. In 1825 and 1828,Elena visited Australia followed byKrotky in 1829,Amerika in 1831 and 1835. Visits by Russian ships became so common inSydney Cove that their place of mooring nearNeutral Bay became known asRussian Point, which added to the sense of alarm in the Colonies.[7][10]
By the late 1830s,relations between Russia and Britain had deteriorated, and in 1841 theGovernment of New South Wales decided to establish fortification atFort Denison in order to repel a feared Russian invasion.[11][12] Fortifications atQueenscliff,Portsea, andMud Islands inMelbourne'sPort Philip Bay followed, as did similar structures on theTamar River nearLaunceston and on the banks of theDerwent River atSandy Bay andHobart.[10][13][14]
As Australia was engaged in agold rush in the 1840s and 1850s, in conjunction with theCrimean War between the UK and Russia, paranoia of a Russian invasion gripped the Colony, andRussophobia increased. In 1855, the Colony built fortifications aroundAdmiralty House and completedFort Denison, as the emergence of thePacific Ocean Fleet of theImperial Russian Navy furthered the fear of a Russian invasion of the Colonies, and rumours spread that the Russians had invaded thePort of Melbourne.[10][11][13][14] Inflows of Russians andRussian-speaking immigrants which began to increase in the 1850s, and the nature of friendly relations between Russian and Australian representatives, led to the appointment of two Russianhonorary consuls in 1857; James Damyon inMelbourne and EM Paul in Sydney.[5][6][13]
Seven years after the conclusion of the Crimean War, the Russiancorvette, andflagship of theRussian Pacific squadron,Bogatyr visited Melbourne and Sydney in 1863. The corvette visited the cities on a navigational drill under the Commander of the Russian Pacific Fleet Rear AdmiralAndrey Alexandrovich Popov, and the ship and crew were welcomed with warmth. Popov paidGovernor of VictoriaHenry Barkly andGovernor of New South WalesJohn Youngprotocol visits, and they in turn visited the Russian ship. The Russians opened the ship for public visitation in Melbourne, and more than 8,000 Australians visited the ship over a period of several days. The goodwill visit was a success, butBogatyr's appearance in Melbourne did put the city on a war footing, as noted inThe Argus which reported that the ship managed to approach Melbourne unnoticed, ostensibly due to the lack of naval forces inPort Phillip Bay. AfterBogatyr had left the Colony, theSydney Morning Herald reported on 7 April 1863 that the crew of the ship had engaged in topographical surveys of the Port Jackson andBotany Bay areas, which included investigating coastal fortifications, but this did not raise any eyebrows at the time.[14][15]
Anti-Russian sentiment in Australia began to take hold in theAustralian media in November 1864 after the publication byThe Times in London of an article which asserted that the Colonies were on the edge of a Russian invasion. The article, published on 17 September 1864, stated that Rear Admiral Popov received instructions from the Russian Naval Minister to raid Melbourne in the event there was a Russo-British war, but noted that such a plan was unlikely due to its perception of the Russian forces being inadequate for such an attack. Australian newspapers, includingThe Age andArgus, tookThe Times' claims more seriously and began to write on the need to increase defence capabilities to protect against the threat of a Russian invasion.[15] On 11 May 1870, the corvetteBoyarin appeared at the Derwent River and rumours spread inHobart that a Russian invasion was almost a certainty. The reason for the appearance of the Russianwarship was humanitarian in nature; the ship'spurser was ill and Captain Serkov gained permission to hospitalise Grigory Belavin and remain in port for two weeks to replenish supplies and give the crew opportunity for someshore leave. The ship's officers were guests at the Governor's Ball held in honour of the birthday ofQueen Victoria, andThe Mercury noted that the officers were gallant and spoke three languages includingEnglish andFrench. The following day a parade was held, and the crew ofBoyarin raised theUnion Jack on its mast and fired a21-gun salute in honour to the British queen. This was reciprocated by the towngarrison which raised theRussian Naval flag ofSaint Andrew and fired a salute in honour of TsarAlexander II. After the death of Belavin, permission was given to bury him on shore, and his funeral saw the attendance of thousands of Hobart residents, and the locals donated funds to provide for a headstone on his grave. In gratitude of the welcome and care given by the Hobart citizenry, Captain Serkov presented the city with two mortars from the ship, which still stand at the entrance to theAnglesea Barracks. WhenBoyarin left Hobart on 12 June, a military band onshore playedGod Save the Tsar, and the ship's crew replied by playingGod Save the Queen.[16]
Although the visits of Russian ships were of a friendly nature, theRusso-Turkish War of 1877–1878 was seen by Britain as part of a potential expansion plan by the Russian Empire intoIndia, and the Australian colonies were advised to upgrade their defence capabilities. The inadequacy of defences in the colony was seen in 1862, whenSvetlana sailed into Port Phillip Bay and the fort built had no gunpowder for its cannons to use to return a salute.William Jervois, aRoyal Engineer, was commissioned to determine the defence capabilities of all colonies, with the exception ofWestern Australia. In his report, he was convinced that the Russian Empire would to attackSouth Australian shipping in an attempt to destroy the local economy. As a result of Jervois' report,Fort Glanville andFort Largs were built to protectPort Adelaide.[11][17][18] The "Russian threat" and Russophobia continued to permeate in Australian society, and were instrumental in the decision to build Australia's first true warships,HMS Acheron andHMS Avernus, in 1879.[19]
The Melbourne-basedEpoch re-ignited fears of a Russia invasion when three Russian ships—Afrika,Vestnik, andPlaton—were sighted nearPort Phillip in January 1882. Despite the hysteria generated by the media in Melbourne, no invasion ensued.David Syme, the proprietor ofThe Age, wrote in a series of editorials that the visit of the three ships was associated with a war that was threatening to engulf Britain and Russia, and that the squadron under the command ofAvraamy Aslanbegov was in thePacific in order to raid British commerce. Newspapers wrote that Admiral Aslanbegov behaved like avarnished barbarian due to his non-acceptance of invitations, and because he preferred to stay at theMenzies Hotel, rather than theMelbourne Club or theAustralian Club. Aslanbegov was accused ofspying andfraud, leading to the Admiral complaining to thePremier of VictoriaBryan O'Loghlen and threatening legal action against the newspaper.John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley, the BritishSecretary of State for the Colonies, defused the situation when he sent a telegram to the government stating that relations with Russia are of a friendly character, and such newspaper reports are rendered incredible.[17] Due to the fears of an invasion,Fort Scratchley inNewcastle was completed by 1885.[11]
Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai after conductingethnographic research inNew Guinea since 1871 moved to the Australian Colonies in 1878, where he worked onWilliam John Macleay'szoological collection in Sydney and set up Australia's firstmarine biological station in 1881.[5] Since 1883 he advocated setting up a Russianprotectorate on theMaclay Coast in New Guinea, and noted his ideas of Russian expansionism in letters to those in power inSaint Petersburg. In a letter he wrote to N. V. Kopylov in 1883, he noted there was a mood of expansionism in Australia, particularly towards New Guinea and the islands inOceania. He also wrote to TsarAlexander III in December 1883 that due to the lack of a Russiansphere of influence in theSouth Pacific and British domination in the region, there was a threat to Russian supremacy in theNorth Pacific. This view was mirrored in a letter toKonstantin Pobedonostsev, and he expressed his willingness to provide assistance in pursuing Russian interests in the region.Nicholas de Giers, theRussian Foreign Minister, suggested in reports to the Tsar that relations with Miklukho-Maklai should be maintained because of his familiarity with political and military issues in the region, while not advising him of any plans on the Government's plans for the region. This opinion was mirrored by theNaval Ministry. In total, three reports were sent to Russia by Miklukho-Maklai, containing information on the growth of anti-Russian sentiment and the buildup of the military in Australia, which correlated with the worsening ofAnglo-Russian relations. Noting the establishment of coal bunkers and the fortifying of ports in Sydney, Melbourne, andAdelaide, he advocated taking overPort Darwin,Thursday Island, Newcastle, andAlbany, noting their insufficient fortification. The Foreign Ministry considered a Russian colony in the South Pacific as unlikely and military notes of the reports were only partially utilised by the Naval Ministry. The authorities in Russia appraised his reports, and in December 1886 de Giers officially advised Miklukho-Maklai that his request for the establishment of a Russian colony had been declined.[11][20] Around this time, Russia was also using the island ofSakhalin in the North Pacific as a penal colony, garnering comparisons to Britain's usage of Australia as a penal colony.[21]
Paranoia of a Russian invasion subsided in 1888, whenGrand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich arrived in the Colony on board the corvetteRynda as part of celebrations of the Colonial centenary.Rynda pulled into Newcastle in the afternoon of 19 January 1888 to replenish coal supplies, becoming the first Russian naval visitor to the city.[11][22]The Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate reported on 20 January 1888 that given the uncertain state ofdiplomatic relations between the European powers many people fled fearing that the Russian warship was present in Newcastle to start a war; however, those fears were quickly allayed when the goodwill nature of the visit became known.[23] From Newcastle,Rynda sailed to Sydney. The day after arrivalLord Carrington, theGovernor of New South Wales, sent a coach to bring the Grand Duke toGovernment House. He was unable to attend due to laws of the Russian Empire which prohibited participation in State ceremonies of foreign states. The Russian officers attended Government House on 24 January as the guest of Lady Carrington.HMS Nelson was late arriving in Sydney and on 26 January, the day of celebrations, theRynda orchestra was invited to entertain the public, and the Australian media made the Grand Duke the central focus of the events. On 30 January the Russian officers were present at the ceremony of the foundation of thenew parliament building. One hundred seamen fromRynda were invited to a festival organised by the citizens of Sydney on 31 January, and theRussian andFrench flags were given prominence next to the Australian flag, whilst those of other nations were along the walls. Denoting the goodwill nature of the visit, Lord Carrington in a speech said, "We welcome into the waters of Port Jackson the gallant shipRynda, we welcome the gallant sailors who sail under the blue cross of Saint Andrew, and we especially welcome — though we are not permitted to do so in official manner – that distinguished officer who is on board, a close blood-relation ofhis Majesty the Tsar. Though not permitted to offer him an official welcome, we offer him a right royal welcome with all our hearts."Rynda left Sydney on 9 February and arrived in Melbourne on 12 February. The visit was initially reported positively in the press, but after a few daysThe Age began to campaign for restricting the entry of foreign naval ships into Melbourne, and other articles described the expected war between "semi-barbarous and despotic Russia" and England. The public, however, continued to view the presence of the Russians positively, and on 22 February theMayor of MelbourneBenjamin Benjamin visited the ships. After staying for nearly a month,Rynda left Melbourne on 6 March for New Zealand.[24] TheGrand Duke supported expanding trade ties with Australia, noting that it was desirable for the Russians to expand their ties with Australia, outside of their relationship with Britain, and stated his belief that such relations were long overdue.[5]
In 1890, theGovernment in Saint Petersburg concluded Anglo-Russian relations in the Pacific to have become important enough to appoint a careerdiplomat to represent Russian interests in the Australian Colonies. When John Jamison, theRussian honorary consul in Melbourne, went bankrupt and was no longer able to represent Russia's interests, the Russian government appointedAlexey Poutyata as the firstImperial Russian Consul to the Colonies on 14 July 1893, and he arrived with his family in Melbourne on 13 December 1893. Poutyata was an effectiveConsul and his reports were well read in Saint Petersburg.[25] His efforts at encouraging Australian manufacturers and merchants to attend theAll-Russia Exhibition 1896 inNizhny Novgorod were instrumental in the signing of commercial contracts betweenTasmanian merchants and manufacturers in Russia. Poutyata died ofkidney failure following complications frompneumonia a little over a year after his arrival in Australia on 16 December 1894, which saw Robert Ungern von Sternberg being appointed to replace him at the end of 1895.[5][26][27] Nikolai Matyunin, who replaced Sternberg as Consul in 1898, signed an agreement withDalgety Australia Ltd, which enabled Russian cargo ships to carry the company'spastoral products back to Europe.[5]
In 1900, the Imperial Ministry of Foreign Affairs was advised that the Duke and Duchess of York (laterGeorge V andQueen Mary) would be visiting Australia for the opening of theAustralian Federal Parliament in 1901, whereupon it was viewed as necessary to send a Russian naval vessel, andGromoboi, captained byKarl Jessen, was ordered to divert to Melbourne on 24 February [O.S. 12 February] 1901. On 1 March [O.S. 19 February] 1901, theRussian Minister of Foreign AffairsVladimir Lambsdorff wrote to the Naval Minister, advising him that sending a ship was not a political act but one of diplomatic etiquette.Tsar Nicholas II viewed that "[i]t is desirable to send a cruiser".Gromoboi arrived in Melbourne, after a call in Albany in theGreat Southern region of Western Australia, on 30 April 1901. The Russian Empire was represented at the opening of the first Australian Parliament on 1 May 1901 by Russian consul Nicolai Passek, who was based in Melbourne since the approval of his appointment byQueen Victoria on 24 March 1900.[5][28][29] The Duke of York visitedGromoboi and was impressed by the cruiser, and he sent a request to Tsar Nicholas II asking that Jessen andGromoboi be allowed to accompany him to Sydney as an honour escort; a request which was approved.[28]
British financial and political support for theJapanese during theRusso-Japanese War in 1904–1905 caused disagreement with theBritish foreign policy in Australia. The authorities in Australia were concerned that theJapanese military posed a threat to thenational security of the country, and the fear existed even when Japan was an ally of theEntente Powers inWorld War I. During the war, as a member of theBritish Empire, Australia was allied with Russia.[12]
After theFebruary Revolution of 1917 in Russia, which led to theabdication ofTsar Nicholas II, the Consul-General of Russia for theCommonwealth of Australia and for theDominion of New Zealand,Alexander Nikolayevich Abaza, expressed his support for theRussian Provisional Government and was instrumental in raising funds to repatriateRussians in Australia back to Russia after 500 expatriates petitionedAlexander Kerensky.[30][31][32] Abaza wrote toPrime MinisterWilliam Hughes on 24 December 1917: "During whatever time I may act here nominally as Consul-General for Russia I shall only represent those of my people who are absolutely faithful to the Allies."[30] Australia saw theBolshevik signing of theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany after theOctober Revolution to be an act of treachery towards the Allies, and put a halt to migration from Australia to Russia.[30]With the onset of theRussian Civil War, British intervention in the war saw many Australians serving in theBritish army in the Russian North andCentral Asia in support of theWhite Army.[citation needed] OnAustralia Day (26 January) in 1918, Abaza wrote to the Prime Minister, advising him conditions made his commission in Melbourne untenable, and that he would be resigning as Consul-General as of the following day.[30] His resignation was followed by the resignation ofVice-Consuls in Hobart,Perth, Darwin, Newcastle,Port Pirie and Melbourne.[33]
In March 1918, after the resignation of Abaza,Peter Simonov presented himself to theAustralian government as the representative of the Bolshevik government in Australia, and asked for recognition as the new Russian Consul. Given the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk he was advised that the Australian government did not recognise the Bolsheviks, and would not recognise him as Consul.[33] Aware of Simonov's connections with Australian left-wing revolutionary groups, the Australian government repeatedly rejected calls for his recognition as the representative of the Soviet Union in Australia, and barred Simonov from teachingBolshevism politics in Australia; an act for which he was later imprisoned for six months.Michael Considine, Member of theHouse of Representatives forBarrier assumed the unrecognised role of representative of the Soviets.[5][verification needed][34][35] Anti-Russian sentiment became stronger during this period, and was exemplified by the March 1919 anti-Bolshevik demonstrations inBrisbane, which were dubbed theRed Flag Riots, and until theUnited Kingdom'srecognition of theSoviet Union in 1924,bilateral relations between Australia and the Soviet Union continued to bede jure non-existent.[36]
On 8 August 1924, the United Kingdom signed the General Treaty with the Soviet Union which extended British diplomatic recognition to the USSR, and was also considered applicable to theBritish dominions ofCanada,New Zealand, theUnion of South Africa, theIrish Free State,Newfoundland, and Australia.[37] TheNationalist Prime MinisterStanley Bruce disputed the nature of the Treaty, saying that self-governing parts of the Empire were not consulted, it did not take into account Australia's rights to sign treaties with foreign countries and it ignored Australia's trade interests.[38] Bruce was also concerned that allegations of the Soviet Union spreading propaganda in Australia, which regardedcommunism as amenace, were not addressed.[39][40] The Treaty was not entered into as a treaty ofGeorge V on behalf of the Empire, but between two governments, and according to Bruce, Australia was in no way bound by the Treaty, and theAustralian Press Association stated that there was initially an unsympathetic view in Australia towards restoring diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.Izvestia reportedRamsay MacDonald had campaigned forPrime Minister of the United Kingdom on a platform which included restoring ties with the Soviet Union and hence the Soviet Union should seize upon this and "advance conditions and demand guarantees".[41][42][43] In July 1929, Bruce sent a communication to MacDonald, acquiescing to the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, provided that Soviet propaganda ceased. It was the opinion of the Australian government that the Soviet Union had been spreading propaganda in Australia, but it was unable to provide specific evidence of this being the case.[44] On 20 and 21 December 1929, notes were exchanged inMoscow andLondon which saw the resumption of diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom and its Dominions, including Australia. The notes included a pledge by the Soviet Union to refrain from hostile propaganda, which was part of the unratified 1924 Treaty.[37]
After theGerman invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 duringWorld War II, theLabor government ofJohn Curtin began to discuss sending adiplomatic delegation to the Soviet Union. TheCongress of Friendship and Aid to the Soviet urged the posting of Australian diplomats in the Soviet Union, and also pushed for exchanging military, air and naval missions between the two countries.[45]HMAS Norman in October 1941 visitedArkhangelsk bringing a British trade delegation fromIceland; marking the beginning of theLend-Lease program in support of the Soviet Union.[46][47]
H. V. Evatt, the AustralianMinister for External Affairs on 4 November 1941 wrote in a secret submission to thewar cabinet that the Government had received a large number of representations from interested parties since the outbreak of theRusso-German War, and that the major views in support of sending a diplomatic delegation to the Soviet Union included the necessity to provide material and moral support to the Soviet Union and to encourage its resistance against the Germans, the sharing of a common interest in policy towards Japan and theMiddle East, and the potential for Australian-Soviet trade, and its importance to theAustralian economy.[48]
Whilst Australia's reasons for the exchange of diplomatic missions were known, it was also understood that the Soviet government believed at first that the exchange would serve no great purpose, due to the minimal ties between the two countries, commercial or otherwise.[49] Both countries acknowledged that if relations, particularly trade relations, were to become a reality that diplomatic relations would be required as a formality.[50][51] Evatt began negotiations with SovietPeople's Commissar for Foreign AffairsVyacheslav Molotov in London in May 1942, and the 10 October 1942 agreement between the two countries to exchange diplomatic representatives was regarded in Australia as a diplomatic coup, given the Soviet Union's position as agreat power in the Pacific region. The first diplomatic representatives wereAndrey Vlasov for the Soviet Union, andWilliam Slater for Australia.[52][53]
In 1942–43, joint Commonwealth naval and air forces, under British commanders, were based in North Russia, while involved in convoys bringing supplies to the Soviet Union. For instance, under the code nameOperation Orator, between August and November 1942, a British-Australian air wing – including455 Squadron,Royal Australian Air Force, operatedHandley Page Hampden torpedo bombers from bases nearMurmansk, where they successfully deterred operations offNorth Cape by German battleships and cruisers.[54]
Slater opened the AustralianLegation inKuybyshev, the temporary seat of theSoviet government, on 2 January 1943, and moved to Moscow on 12 August 1943.[5][verification needed] Vlasov arrived in Canberra on 5 March 1943 to head the Soviet Legation, and presented hisLetters of Credence toGovernor-GeneralLord Gowrie on 10 March 1943 atGovernment House.[55][56] The Soviet Legation in Canberra was upgraded toEmbassy status on 12 July 1945 and the Australian Legation in Moscow was upgraded on 16 February 1948.[5][verification needed][57]
As with other Western countries, Australia's relations with the USSR deteriorated in the late 1940s, as theIron Curtain descended across Europe and Soviet proxy governments were established in several Eastern European countries. Australia was gripped in ared scare similar to that which led toMcCarthyism in the United States.
During late 1948 and early 1949, the Australian government – like most of the former Western Allies – actively opposed a Soviet land blockade ofWest Berlin, and took part in theBerlin airlift. The RAAFBerlin Airlift Squadron was formed for this purpose. Following the outbreak of theKorean War in 1950, Australian and Soviet foreign policy were diametrically opposed. Australia was the first country after the United States to deploy forces to Korea, under what became known asUnited Nations Command.
Attempts by the newLiberal Prime MinisterRobert Menzies to outlaw theCommunist Party of Australia were overturned in theHigh Court of Australia (seeAustralian Communist Party v Commonwealth) and defeated at areferendum in 1951. Members on both sides of theAustralian House of Representatives advocated severing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.[58][59] Relations between Australia and the Soviet Union hit a low point whenVladimir Petrov, the Third Secretary of theSoviet embassy in Canberra, an associate and appointee ofLavrentiy Beria who feared execution if he returned to the Soviet Union, defected at the end of his three-year assignment on 3 April 1954 with the help of theAustralian Security Intelligence Organisation and was givenpolitical asylum. The defection, which became known as thePetrov Affair, was disclosed by Menzies on 13 April 1954, the eve of the last day of Parliament before theMay federal election. In his notice to Parliament Menzies disclosed that Petrov was an agent of theMVD and turned over to the Australian authorities details ofSoviet intelligence operations in Australia, and announced intention for aRoyal Commission to investigate Petrov's information, which included allegations of a Sovietfifth column being created in Australia. The revelations shocked the Australian public, which was more attuned to such things happening overseas.[60][61][62][63] It was also reported thatEvdokia Petrova, Petrov's wife and fellow MVD agent, had decided to stay with theSoviet Embassy in Canberra, and on 14 April, Petrova andNikolai Generalov, the Soviet ambassador, accused Australian security services of kidnapping Petrov.[64][65] On 19 April, the affair took another twist when Petrova was being escorted onto a waitingBOACConstellation atKingsford Smith Airport by Soviet diplomatic couriers for a flight back to the Soviet Union.William Wentworth tookstatutory declarations from Russian andCzechoslovakiananti-communists in the crowd who had stormed the tarmac to prevent Petrova from leaving, that they had heard her say Petrova calling out inRussian "I do not want to go. Save me", and asked Menzies to make the aircraft stop at Darwin in order to ask Petrova whether she wanted to leave Australia.[66][67] Contrary to reports, Petrova did not cry out for help at Sydney Airport,[68] but the aircraft did stop atDarwin Airport on a scheduled fuel-stop, enabling Australian security services to interview Petrova. After talking toReginald Sylvester Leydin, the Government secretary, and to her husband on the phone, Petrova accepted the Australian government's offer of asylum and defected.[69] The Soviets accused the Menzies government of manufacturing the defection of Petrov as an election stunt, ostensibly to boost his support in the upcoming elections, and on 21 April they also levelled against Petrov charges that he had misappropriated Embassy funds.[70][71] Menzies dismissed the allegations, stating that he was waiting for such charges to be levelled as they were in theGouzenko case inCanada, and also went on to say he believed the charges contradicted the Soviets' initial allegation that Petrov was kidnapped.[71] The Australian government refused to hand over Petrov, who was deemed by the Soviets to be a criminal, and the Soviet government responded on 23 April 1954 by severing diplomatic relations with Australia, which saw the Soviet Embassy in Canberra being recalled and theAustralian Embassy in Moscow being expelled.[72][73][74] The Soviet decision was not unexpected, as it was thought by the Australian government to have been one possible response, but the swiftness of the decision was said to have shocked government advisers.[75] The severance of diplomatic relations led to rumours that theSoviet Olympic team would not compete at the1956 Melbourne Olympics.[76] In the absence ofdiplomatic relations, the Soviet Union's interests in Australia were represented bySweden, and Australia's interests in the Soviet Union were represented by theUnited Kingdom.[77]
In aid of Soviet preparations for its commitments to theInternational Geophysical Year on 29 August 1955 and in the absence of diplomatic relations, Australia sent the Soviets a note, via theBritish Embassy in Moscow, offering facilities in Australia for the use of the Soviets in the instance they were required. Australia wanted to keep the Soviets out of the Antarctic but wanted to avoid international condemnation for going against the spirit of the IGY. The Australians also used the note as a ruse, albeit an unsuccessful one, to force the Soviets to recognise theAustralian Antarctic Territory and hence,Australian claims over parts of the Antarctic.[78] TheLena arrived inPort Adelaide on 28 March 1956 after its journey to the Antarctic. The Soviets gave free public access to the ship during its stay, and among the first people to visit the ship and meet with the crew wasDouglas Mawson. Australian naval intelligence exploited the situation and sent two civilian agents on board the ship while it was open to the public. It is unknown what information they would have obtained as the scientists on the ship openly shared their knowledge and demonstrated equipment to anybody who was interested, and allowed the public to wander around without obstruction.[79] TheOb arrived in Adelaide on 21 April 1956 and was also visited by Mawson and others within the scientific community in Adelaide.[80][81] TheOb was invited by the Australia–USSR Friendship Society and theBuilding Workers' Industrial Union to visit Melbourne and Sydney, respectively, and Mawson lobbied to have the visits go ahead, but permission was denied byMinister of External AffairsRichard Casey. The decision was criticised by Mawson, and he made note of theCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation losing an opportunity to view the latestoceanographic research technology.[81][82]
The two countries agreed to resume diplomatic relations on 13 March 1959 and it was reported that Australia insisted on screening Soviet diplomatic personnel.[83] The Soviet Embassy in Canberra reopened on 2 June 1959, but the Soviet Union did not have a permanent ambassador until mid-1962.[84][85] On 7 February 1963 the Australian government declared First Secretary at the Soviet Embassy in CanberraIvan Skripovpersona non grata after he was accused by ASIO of being a spy. According to ASIO, Skripov recruited Kay Marshall,[86][87] an ASIO agent, firstly by giving her small tasks to gauge her suitability as an agent. In December 1962 Skripov gave Marshall a package which she was to give to a contact in Adelaide, but the contact did not meet Marshall as planned.[88] The package, which had already been inspected by ASIO, contained coded transmission timetables for a Soviet radio station, along with a high-speed message sender which could be attached to a radio transmitter. Two months later the Australian government produced photos of meetings between Skripov and Marshall, and sent the embassy a note declaring Skripovpersona non grata for "elaborate preparations for espionage" and gave him seven days to leave the country. The Australian government did not divulge what secrets Skripov may have been seeking, but it was reported that workers at theWoomera missile range underwent interrogation. The Soviets responded by stating that the materials released by ASIO proved nothing and were produced to hinder the development of friendly relations between the Soviet Union and Australia, and declared that AmbassadorIvan Kurdyukov, who was on sick leave in Moscow, would not return to Australia.[89][90][91]
During the period ofCold Wardétente, relations between Australia and the Soviet Union were seen as stronger during theWhitlam government. On 3 July 1974, then Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, as Acting Foreign Minister, took the decision to grantde jure recognition of the incorporation ofEstonia,Latvia andLithuania into the USSR. The Australian ambassador to Moscow visited Tallinn, Estonia, on 28–30 July 1974, effectively accordingde jure recognition. Soviet authorities subsequently leaked this information on 3 August 1974, confirmed by a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs a day later. Whitlam had neither informed nor consulted with the Minister for Foreign Affairs,Senator Willesee, who had been absent abroad, the Cabinet, Caucus, nor Parliament.[citation needed] In taking this controversial decision Whitlam also reneged on pre-election commitments made in correspondences to organizations representing emigrees from all three Baltic nations. Willesee, who upon his return supported Whitlam's decision and subsequently confirmed Whitlam's decision as "unilateral," was eventually censured by the Australian Parliament on 18 September 1974[92] for his part: "That the Minister for Foreign Affairs is deserving of censure and ought to resign because: in breach of a clear undertaking to the contrary given by the Prime Minister the Government shamefully and furtively extended recognition to the incorporation of the Baltic States in the U.S.S.R., the Minister withholding any announcement or explanation of the decision."[92][93]
DuringQuestion Time in October 1974, Whitlam explained his decision to recognise thede jure incorporation theBaltic states into the Soviet Union was one which did not imply approval of the way in which former states were incorporated, but an acknowledgement of existing realities at the time.[94] Whitlam, ascribed by his political opposition as "want[ing] a good response when he visits Russia",[93] became the first Australian Prime Minister to visit Moscow in January 1975. Whitlam was not received byGeneral Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionLeonid Brezhnev, who for "reasons of health" was unable to meet him, but instead byAlexei Kosygin, theChairman of theSoviet of Ministers of the USSR.[95]
During Whitlam's visit to the USSR, two agreements were signed between the two countries on 15 January 1975: theAgreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Scientific-Technical Co-operation[96] and theAgreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Cultural Co-operation.[97][98] Following thedismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975 and theresultant election which saw the installation of a conservativeLiberal-Country Party coalition government under the leadership ofMalcolm Fraser, recognition of the incorporation of the three Baltic states by the Soviet Union was rescinded by Australia in December 1975, and relations became more pragmatic.[99]
_1987_Bob_Hawke%2c_Moscow%2c_meeting_with_Gorbachev_(cropped).jpg)
In April 1983,ASIO provided information to the Australian government concerning First Secretary of the Soviet Embassy in CanberraValery Ivanov. According to ASIO, Ivanov had formed a friendship with former national secretary of the Australian Labor PartyDavid Combe.[100]Bill Hayden, the Australian Foreign Minister, stated that he hoped Ivanov's expulsion would serve as an example to those who were to "work against Australia's interests".[101] The Soviet Embassy responded by denying all charges and called the allegations "far-fetched".[101] TheCombe–Ivanov Affair was subject to aRoyal Commission presided over byRobert Marsden Hope, which saw Prime MinisterBob Hawke giving evidence for 20 consecutive sitting days.[102]
Australian Prime MinisterBob Hawke arrived inLeningrad on 30 November 1987 for discussion on economics, trade and foreign policy withMikhail Gorbachev.[103] During the visit, Hawke gave the names ofSoviet Jews who wished to leave the Soviet Union to Gorbachev, and on 4 December 1987, 60 to 75 Jews were given permission to leave the country.[104]
On 26 December 1991, Australia recognised the Russian Federation as thesuccessor state of the Soviet Union after thedissolution of the latter.[105] Russia has an embassy in Canberra and aconsulate-general in Sydney,[106][107] and Australia has anembassy in Moscow.[108] The current Ambassador of Russia to Australia isAleksey Pavlovsky,[109] while the current Ambassador of Australia to Russia is John Geering.
TheRussian government accepted an offer ofRosaviakosmos on 10 March 2001 to co-operate with the Asia-Pacific Space Centre in developing aspaceport onChristmas Island, anAustralian territory in theIndian Ocean. The project also saw the involvement ofS.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia,TsSKB-Progress and the Barmin General Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau.[110]
In aid of the project, theAgreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Field of the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes was signed in Canberra on 23 May 2001, replacing theAgreement between the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and the Government of Australia on Cooperation in the Field of Exploration and the Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes of 1 December 1987, andimport tax and other concessions were made by the Australian government.[111]
Co-operation in space was on the agenda when Alexander Downer met in Moscow withRussian Foreign MinisterIgor Ivanov in February 2002, where the Australian side pressed the Russians to complete work on two technical agreements which were needed in order for the Christmas Island spaceport project to proceed.[112] In June 2002 it was reported that theRussian Federal Space Agency had pulled out of the deal, to instead develop a relationship withArianeSpace with the view to using theGuiana Space Centre nearKourou inFrench Guiana.[113]
In September 2007 President Vladimir Putin became the first incumbentRussian leader to visit Australia forthe APEC summit in Sydney.[114] On 7 September 2007, head ofRosatomSergey Kiriyenko andAustralian Minister of Foreign AffairsAlexander Downer, in the presence ofPrime MinisterJohn Howard and President Putin, signed theAgreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Russian Federation on Cooperation in the Use of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Purposes, superseding theAgreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics concerning the peaceful uses of nuclear energy which was concluded on 15 February 1990. The 1990 Agreement only allowed Russia toenrichuranium on behalf of third countries and the 2007 Agreement allowed for enriching of uranium for use inRussia's civilian nuclear power industry.[115]
Putin dismissed suggestions that Russia would use Australia-supplied uranium fornuclear weapons or military purposes, and explained that Russia has an "excessive supply" ofweapons-grade uranium and the state has plans to build 30nuclear power stations by 2022, and that the agreement with Australia was purely one of economics.[116]
The agreement was put into doubt after theAugust 2008 war in South Ossetia andRussia's subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states.Stephen Smith, the Australian Foreign Minister, toldSky News Australia in November 2008 that ratification of the agreement would see Australia reviewing Russia's involvement inGeorgia,Abkhazia andSouth Ossetia, and also by taking into account the state of bilateral relations between the two countries.[117]
After Russia recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia on 26 August 2008, Stephen Smith summoned the Russian ambassador,Alexander Blokhin, to inform him that Russia's recognition was not helpful for the situation in the region, while Blokhin informed the Australian Foreign Minister that Russia was left with no choice but to recognise the independence of the two regions.[118]
BlamingGeorgian PresidentMikheil Saakashvili for the conflict, Blokhin toldThe Age that the Russians were not the aggressors, but rather the peacekeepers.[119] Rory Medcalf, a strategic analyst with theLowy Institute, stated that Australia could use the uranium deal to apply pressure on Moscow, but in doing so it risked sending messages to countries such as China that it is an unreliable supplier, which would in turn hurt Australian interests.[120]
Australia and Russia are both members of theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Russia applied for entry into the organisation in 1993, and says that the United States andEuropean Union have placed unreasonable demands for it toaccede to the organisation, although the United States and the European Union blame Russia for delays in its entry.[121]
In September 2007, at the Russia–Australia Business Forum inBrisbane,Ian Macfarlane, theAustralian Minister for Industry, Tourism and Resources, estimated that Russian investment in Australia was worth between A$5 and 6 billion.[122] The acquisition byRusAl of a 20% stake inQueensland Alumina was approved by the AustralianForeign Investment Review Board in February 2005. RusAl purchased the stake fromKaiser Aluminum in October 2004, in a deal which was valued at US$461 million. The investment by RusAl was the first large-scale Russian investment in the Australian economy.[123][124][125]
Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, headed byViktor Rashnikov, increased its stake iniron ore minerFortescue from 4.71 percent to 5.37 in August 2007, and the following month advised the Australian Government it wished to increase its stake, with a potential value of A$1.5 billion.[126][127] It is expected by the 2050, the 2.7 billion people of theBRIC countries—Brazil, Russia,India andPeople's Republic of China—will treble consumption of steel, which will require steel production to double from 2007 limits.[128]
Alan Carpenter, thePremier of Western Australia, welcomed Russian investment inhis state's economy, tellingLateline Business, "[t]he more we can get from international investment to deliberate the potential of Western Australia's economy, the better".[129] In April 2008, Carpenter became the first Western Australian Premier to visit Russia, when he headed a trade delegation for a five-day trip to the country to court more Russian investment in the state.[130]
In 2008, Australian-Russian bilateral trade exceededUS$1 billion for the first time. Russia imported US$1.029 billion worth ofgoods and services from Australia in 2008, while its exports to Australia were valued at US$82 million, bringing the total to US$1.111 billion. According to theRussian Federal Customs Service, trade with Australia accounted for 0.2% of all Russianforeign trade in 2008.[131]
| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Australian exports to Russia (A$ '000) | 151,380 | 185,537 | 335,601 | 654,235 | 661,392 | 1,115,051 | 584,541 |
| Total Russian exports to Australia (A$ '000) | 38,829 | 58,881 | 100,833 | 63,832 | 126,514 | 599,727 | 357,582 |
Following Russia'sinvasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Australia announced that it would send military equipment and medical supplies to Ukraine, with the Prime Minister arguing that Russia should be treated as apariah state.[134] Australia committed $70 million to provide both lethal and nonlethal aid to Ukraine, including missiles and ammunition.[135]
Australia also imposed sanctions on Russia, targeting members of Russia's national security council with travel bans and financial sanctions, and extending existing sanctions to the separatist regions of theDonetsk People's Republic andLuhansk People's Republic.[136] Further sanctions were imposed on presidentVladimir Putin, foreign ministerSergey Lavrov, 339 members of the Russian parliament and eight oligarch close to Putin.[137] A third round of sanctions targeted senior military officers involved in the invasion; senior Russian government officials such asDmitry Peskov, Putin's press secretary andMaria Zakharova, spokesperson for the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and theRussian Armed Forces.[138]
On 7 March, the Russian government included Australia on an adopted list of countries it deemed as "takingunfriendly actions against Russia, Russian companies, and citizens", in reference toeconomic sanctions introduced during theRussia-Ukraine war.[3]
On 18 March, a fourth round of sanctions were imposed on oligarchsOleg Deripaska andViktor Vekselberg, as well as 20 Russian businesses.[139] On March 20, Australia banned the export of alumina and bauxite to Russia.[140] On 31 March, Australia announced a 35 per cent tariff on all imports from Russia and Belarus.[141] On 7 April, a fifth round of sanctions targeted 67 Russian government officials and oligarchs.[142]
On 8 April, Russia banned 228 Australian political figures including Prime MinisterScott Morrison, Leader of the OppositionAnthony Albanese and all members of theAustralian Parliament. The RussianForeign Ministry stated that the blacklist was in retaliation to Australia's "unfriendly actions" aimed at containing Russia, which it described as "Russophobic" and "docilely" following other Western countries. Moscow also warned that it would expand the blacklist to include Australian military officials, business people, experts and journalists who allegedly "incited a negative attitude towards Russia."[143][144]
In May 2023, a case by theFederal Court saw theNational Capital Authority attempting to revoke a lease by theRussian Federation, to construct a new embassy building inCanberra. The case was thrown out, with the court arguing that terminating the lease was "Invalid and of no effect".[145]
In June 2023, new legislation passed saw by the government suspend the lease and cease development, citing national security concerns. The move was supported by both the government and opposition.[146] The site would have stood only 400 meters away fromParliament House.[147] While a case was made to theHigh Court for an injunction, the bid was thrown out.[148] In response to the incident, a Russian diplomat begansquatting on the site on the 23rd of June, before leaving on the 26th of June.[149]
On 23 December 2024, the Australian government confirmed it was working to locate 32-year-old Australian man Oscar Jenkins after he appeared in a video on pro-Kremlin social media accounts purportedly showing him being detained and questioned by Russian soldiers in Ukraine. Jenkins had been serving in theUkrainian armed forces.[150] On 15 January 2025, Australian Prime Minister Albanese vowed to take strong diplomatic action against Russia if it can be verified that the Russian military had executed Jenkins.[151] In addition,Opposition leaderPeter Dutton called for expulsion of theRussian ambassador to Australia if it could be confirmed that Jenkins was executed.[151]
On 10 March 2025, Russia issued a warning to Australia about sending troops to Ukraine as part of a proposed international peacekeeping mission by European leaders. The Russian Embassy in Australia stressed that such actions would lead to “grave consequences” and undermine peace efforts, emphasising the unacceptability of any Western military presence in Ukraine. In response, Australian Foreign MinisterPenny Wong reaffirmed Australia's dedication to promoting peace and stated that any request for a peace keeping mission would be carefully considered. Prime MinisterAnthony Albanese also voiced support for Ukraine and openness to discussing potential peacekeeping missions, although no formal request has been made.[1][152]
In a 2024 poll by Australian think tank theLowy Institute, Russia was the second least positively viewed country by Australians with a 21% favorability rating, placed behind only North Korea, which had a 15% rating. In their 2008 version of the poll, which was the earliest to include Russia, the country had a 55% rating, which placed it above Indonesia, South Korea and Iran.[153]
In a 2010 survey of those living in theRussian Far East, 34% of respondents said they liked Australia the most, placing it behind Japan, which garnered 41% of the votes. Other countries in the survey included China, which garnered 16% of votes (and only 4% of votes in the 1995 version of the survey).[21]
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