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Austerity in Israel (Hebrew:צנע,Tsena) was the policy ofausterity imposed in theState of Israel from 1949 to 1959. It includedrationing and other emergency measures to weather the economic crisis in the early days of statehood.
Afterits establishment in 1948, the newly formed State of Israel was on the verge of bankruptcy, lacking in food, resources, and foreign currency.[1][2] This was largely due to the inherited economic framework of the British Mandatory government that was based on a war time economy.[3]
After theSecond World War and the1948 Palestine War, Israel was war-torn and needed to accommodate an increasing number ofJewish immigrants. Consequently, the Israeli government instigated measures to control and oversee distribution of necessary resources to ensure equal and sufficient rations for all Israeli citizens.[4]
In addition to the problems with the provision of food, national austerity was also required because the state was lacking in foreign currency reserves.[4] Export revenues covered less than a third of the cost of imports, and less than half of the consequent deficit was covered by the Jewish loan system known asMagbiyot (Hebrew: מגביות,lit. 'Collections'). Most financing was obtained from foreign banks and gas companies, which, as 1951 drew to an end, refused to expand the available credit.[1] In order to supervise the austerity, Prime MinisterDavid Ben-Gurion ordered the establishment of theMinistry of Rationing and Supply (Hebrew: משרד הקיצוב והאספקה,Misrad HaKitzuv VeHaAspaka), headed byDov Yosef.[citation needed]
At first, rationing was set for staple foods alone (cooking oil, sugar and margarine, for instance), but it was later expanded tofurniture andfootwear.[1] Each month, each citizen would get food coupons worthIL6, and each family was allotted a given amount of foodstuffs. The diet chosen, fashioned after that used in theUnited Kingdom duringWorld War II, allowed a meager 1,600calories a day for Israeli citizens, with additional calories for children, the elderly, and pregnant women.[1]
The enforcement of austerity required the establishment of a bureaucracy of quite some proportions, but it proved ineffective in preventing the emergence of ablack market in which rationed products, often smuggled from the countryside, were sold at higher prices.[1] In response, the government established in September 1950 theOffice for Fighting the Black Market (Hebrew: מטה למלחמה בשוק השחור,Mateh LeMilhama BaShuk HaShahor), whose goal was fighting the black market. However, despite the increased supervision, and the specially summoned courts, all such attempts at suppression proved ineffective.[citation needed]
In 1952 theReparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany was signed, compensating Israel for confiscation of Jewish property during theHolocaust.[5] The resulting influx of foreign capital was a huge boost to the state's struggling economy, and led to the cancellation of most restrictions in 1953. In 1956, the list of rationed goods was narrowed to just fifteen goods, and it shrank to eleven in 1958. Shortly afterwards, it was abolished for all goods except jam, sugar and coffee. In 1959, rationing was abolished altogether.[1]
Economically, austerity proved a failure, mostly due to the enormousgovernment budget deficit, covered by bank loans, creating an increase in the amount of money use. Throughout austerityunemployment remained high, andinflation grew as of 1951.[1]
The austerity measures implemented by Israel were not uncommon nor unlike other post-war countries such as the United States and the British Empire, who had also severe austerity measures in place.[1] Despite the perceived "unpleasantness" of rationing, they had advantages and disadvantages, and Israel maintained a growing population of immigrants from Europe and Arab Nations.
