Aung San Suu Kyi rose to prominence in the8888 Uprising of 8 August 1988 and became the General Secretary of the NLD, which she had newly formed with the help of several retired army officials who criticised the military junta. In the1990 general election, NLD won 81% of the seats in Parliament, but the results were nullified, as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), the military government, refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. She had been detained before the elections and remained underhouse arrest for almost 15 of the 21 years from 1989 to 2010, becoming one of the world's most prominentpolitical prisoners.[11] In 1999,Time magazine named her one of the "Children ofGandhi" and his spiritual heir tononviolence.[12] She survived an assassination attempt in the 2003Depayin massacre when at least 70 people associated with the NLD were killed.
When she ascended to the office of state counsellor, Aung San Suu Kyi drew criticism from several countries, organisations and figures over Myanmar's inaction in response to theRohingya genocide inRakhine State and refusal to acknowledge that theTatmadaw (armed forces) had committed massacres.[13][14][15][16] Under her leadership, Myanmar also drew criticism for prosecutions of journalists.[17] In 2019, Aung San Suu Kyi appeared in theInternational Court of Justice where she defended the Myanmar military against allegations of genocide against theRohingya people.[18]
Aung San Suu Kyi, whose party had won the November2020 general election, was arrested on 1 February 2021, aftera coup d'état that returned the Tatmadaw to power and sparkedprotests across the country. Several charges were filed against her, and on 6 December 2021, she was sentenced to four years in prison on two of them. On 10 January 2022, she was sentenced to an additional four years on another set of charges.[19] On 12 October 2022, she was convicted of two further charges ofcorruption and was sentenced to two terms of three years' imprisonment to be served concurrently.[20] On 30 December 2022, her trials ended with another conviction and an additional sentence of seven years' imprisonment for corruption. Aung San Suu Kyi's final sentence was of 33 years in prison,[21] later reduced to 27 years.[22] The United Nations, most European countries, and the United States condemned the arrests, trials, and sentences as politically motivated.[23]
Aung San Suu Kyi, like otherBurmese names, includes no surname, but is only a personal name, in her case derived from three relatives: "Aung San" from her father, "Suu" from her paternal grandmother, and "Kyi" from her motherKhin Kyi.[24]
In Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi is often referred to asDaw Aung San Suu Kyi.Daw, literally meaning "aunt", is not part of her name but anhonorific for any older and revered woman, akin to "Madam".[25] She is sometimes addressed asDaw Suu orAmay Suu ("Mother Suu") by her supporters.[26][27][28][29]
She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin andAung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at the age of eight when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds ofthe house.[24] Aung San Oo emigrated toSan Diego,California, becoming aUnited States citizen.[24] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved toa house byInya Lake where Aung San Suu Kyi met people of various backgrounds, political views, and religions.[32] She was educated atMethodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood inBurma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.[33] She speaks four languages:Burmese, English (with aBritish accent),French, andJapanese.[34] She is aTheravada Buddhist.[34]
In 1988, Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma to tend for her ailing mother. Aris's visit on Christmas 1995 was the last time that he and Aung San Suu Kyi met, as she remained in Burma and theBurmese dictatorship denied him any further entry visas.[35] In 1997, Aris was diagnosed withprostate cancer that was later found to beterminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organisations, including theUnited States,UN Secretary-GeneralKofi Annan andPope John Paul II, the Burmese government did not grant Aris avisa, saying they did not have the facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to leave the country to visit him. She was at that time temporarily free fromhouse arrest but unwilling to depart, fearing that she would be refused reentry if she left, not trusting themilitary junta's assurance that she could return.[45]
Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under house arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was also separated from her children, who live in the United Kingdom, until 2011.[46]
On 2 May 2008, afterCyclone Nargis hit Burma, Aung San Suu Kyi's dilapidated lakeside bungalow lost its roof and electricity, while the cyclone also left entire villages in theIrrawaddy delta submerged.[47] Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009.[48] Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[49]
Aung San Suu Kyi at her constituency in Kawhmu township during the 2012 by-election campaign
Coincidentally, when Aung San Suu Kyi returned to Burma in 1988, its longtime military leader and head of theruling party, GeneralNe Win, stepped down.[50] Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as the8888 Uprising. On 24 August 1988, she made her first public appearance at theYangon General Hospital, addressing protestors from a podium.[51] On 26 August, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of theShwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for ademocratic government.[35] But in September 1988, anew military junta took power.[35]
Influenced[52] by bothMahatma Gandhi's philosophy ofnonviolence[53][54] and Buddhist concepts,[55] Aung San Suu Kyi entered politics to work fordemocratisation, helping found theNational League for Democracy on 27 September 1988,[56] but was put underhouse arrest on 20 July 1989. She was offered freedom if she left the country, but she refused. Despite her philosophy of nonviolence, a group of ex-military commanders and senior politicians who joinedNLD during the crisis believed she was too confrontational and left NLD. But she retained enormous popularity and support among NLD youths with whom she spent most of her time.[57]
During the crisis, the previous democratically electedPrime Minister of Burma,U Nu, began to form an interim government and invited opposition leaders to join him.Indian Prime MinisterRajiv Gandhi had signaled his readiness to recognize the interim government. Aung San Suu Kyi categorically rejected U Nu's plan, saying, "the future of the opposition will be decided by masses of the people". Ex-Brigadier GeneralAung Gyi, another influential politician at the time of the8888 Uprising and the first chairman in the history of the NLD, followed suit and also rejected the plan.[58] Aung Gyi later accused several NLD members of beingcommunists and resigned from the party.[57]
In 1990, the military junta called ageneral election, in which the NLD received 59% of the votes, guaranteeing NLD 80% of the parliament seats.[59] Some claim that Aung San Suu Kyi would have assumed the office of Prime Minister.[60] Instead, the results were nullified and the military refused to hand over power, resulting in an international outcry. Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest at her home on University Avenue (16°49′32″N96°9′1″E / 16.82556°N 96.15028°E /16.82556; 96.15028) in Rangoon, during which time she was awarded theSakharov Prize forFreedom of Thought in 1990 and theNobel Peace Prize one year later. Her sonsAlexander and Kim Aris accepted theNobel Peace Prize on her behalf. Aung San Suu Kyi used the Nobel Peace Prize's US$1.3 million prize money to establish a health and education trust for the Burmese people.[61] Around this time, Aung San Suu Kyi chose nonviolence as an expedient political tactic, saying in 2007, "I do not hold to nonviolence for moral reasons, but for political and practical reasons."[62]
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar (Burma) for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights.
... Suu Kyi's struggle is one of the most extraordinary examples of civil courage in Asia in recent decades. She has become an important symbol in the struggle against oppression ...
... In awarding the Nobel Peace Prize for 1991 to Aung San Suu Kyi, the Norwegian Nobel Committee wishes to honour this woman for her unflagging efforts and to show its support for the many people throughout the world who are striving to attain democracy, human rights, and ethnic conciliation by peaceful means.
On 9 November 1996, themotorcade that Aung San Suu Kyi was traveling in with other NLD leadersTin Oo andKyi Maung was attacked inYangon. About 200 men swooped down on the motorcade, wielding metal chains, metal batons, stones, and other weapons. The car that Aung San Suu Kyi was in had its rear window smashed, and the car with Tin Oo and Kyi Maung had its rear window and two backdoor windows shattered. It is believed the offenders were members of theUnion Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) who were allegedly paidKs.500/- (@ USD $0.50) each to participate.[65] The NLD lodged an official complaint with the police, and the government reportedly launched an investigation, but no action was taken.[66][67]
Aung San Suu Kyi was placed underhouse arrest for a total of 15 years over a 21-year period, on numerous occasions, since beginning her political career,[68] during which time she was prevented from meeting her supporters or international visitors. In an interview, she said that while underhouse arrest she spent her time reading philosophy, politics, and biographies her husband had sent her.[69] She also passed the time playing the piano and was occasionally allowed visits from foreign diplomats as well as from her personal physician.[70]
Although under house arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi was granted permission to leave Burma under the condition that she never return, which she refused: "As a mother, the greater sacrifice was giving up my sons, but I was always aware of the fact that others had given up more than me. I never forget that my colleagues who are in prison suffer not only physically, but mentally for their families who have no security outside—in the larger prison of Burma under authoritarian rule."[71]
The media were also prevented from visiting Aung San Suu Kyi, as in 1998, when Italian journalistMaurizio Giuliano, after photographing her, was stopped by customs officials who confiscated all his films and tapes and some notes.[72] In contrast, Aung San Suu Kyi did have visits from government representatives, such as during her autumn 1994 house arrest, when she met the leader of Burma,Senior GeneralThan Shwe andGeneralKhin Nyunt on 20 September in the first meeting since she had been placed in detention.[35] On several occasions during her house arrest, she had periods of poor health and as a result was hospitalised.[73]
The Burmese government detained and kept Aung San Suu Kyi imprisoned because it viewed her as someone "likely to undermine the community peace and stability" of the country, and used both Article 10(a) and 10(b) of the 1975 State Protection Act (granting the government the power to imprison people for up to five years without a trial)[74] and Section 22 of the "Law to Safeguard the State Against the Dangers of Those Desiring to Cause Subversive Acts" against her.[75] She continuously appealed her detention,[76] and many nations and figures continued to call for her release and that of 2,100 other political prisoners in the country.[77][78] On 12 November 2010, days after the junta-backedUnion Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won elections conducted after a gap of 20 years, the junta finally agreed to sign orders allowing Aung San Suu Kyi's release, and her house arrest ended on 13 November 2010.[79]
TheUnited Nations (UN) has attempted to facilitate dialogue between thejunta and Aung San Suu Kyi.[35] On 6 May 2002, after secret confidence-building negotiations led by the UN, the government released her; a government spokesman said she was free to move "because we are confident that we can trust each other". Aung San Suu Kyi proclaimed "a new dawn for the country". But on 30 May 2003, in an incident similar to the 1996 attack, agovernment-sponsored mob attacked her caravan in the northern village ofDepayin, murdering and wounding many of her supporters.[80][81] Aung San Suu Kyi fled the scene with the help of her driver, Kyaw Soe Lin, but was arrested upon reachingYe-U. The government imprisoned her atInsein Prison in Rangoon. After she underwent ahysterectomy in September 2003, the government again placed her under house arrest in Rangoon.[82]
The results of the UN facilitation have been mixed;Razali Ismail, UN special envoy to Burma, met with Aung San Suu Kyi. Ismail resigned from his post the next year, partly because he was denied reentry to Burma on several occasions.[83] In 2006,Ibrahim Gambari, UNUndersecretary-General (USG) ofDepartment of Political Affairs, met with Aung San Suu Kyi, the first visit by a foreign official since 2004.[84] He also met with her later that year.[85] On 2 October 2007 Gambari returned to talk to her again after seeingThan Shwe and other members of the senior leadership inNaypyidaw.[86]State television broadcast Aung San Suu Kyi with Gambari, saying they had met twice. This was Aung San Suu Kyi's first appearance in state media in the four years since her current detention began.[87]
The United Nations Working Group for Arbitrary Detention published an Opinion that Aung San Suu Kyi's deprivation of liberty was arbitrary and in contravention of Article 9 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, and requested that the Burmese authorities set her free, but the authorities ignored the request.[88] The U.N. report said that according to the Burmese Government's reply, "Daw Aung San Suu Kyi has not been arrested, but has only been taken into protective custody, for her own safety", and while "it could have instituted legal action against her under the country's domestic legislation ... it has preferred to adopt a magnanimous attitude, and is providing her with protection in her own interests".[88]
Such claims were rejected by Brigadier-GeneralKhin Yi, Chief ofMyanmar Police Force (MPF). On 18 January 2007, thestate-run paperNew Light of Myanmar accused Aung San Suu Kyi oftax evasion for spending her Nobel Prize money outside the country. The accusation followed the defeat of a US-sponsoredUnited Nations Security Council resolution condemning Burma as a threat to international security; the resolution was defeated because of strong opposition fromChina, which has strong ties with the military junta (China later voted against the resolution, along withRussia andSouth Africa).[89]
In November 2007, it was reported that Aung San Suu Kyi would meet her political allies National League for Democracy along with a government minister. The ruling junta made the official announcement on state TV and radio just hours after UN special envoyIbrahim Gambari ended his second visit to Burma. The NLD confirmed that it had received the invitation to hold talks with Aung San Suu Kyi,[90] but the process delivered few concrete results.[90]
On 3 July 2009,UN Secretary-GeneralBan Ki-moon went to Burma to pressure the junta into releasing Aung San Suu Kyi and to institute democratic reform. On departing from Burma, Ban said he was "disappointed" with the visit after junta leaderThan Shwe refused to let him visit Aung San Suu Kyi, citing her ongoing trial. Ban said he was "deeply disappointed that they have missed a very important opportunity".[91]
Protests led byBuddhist monks during theSaffron Revolution began on 19 August 2007 after steep fuel price increases, and continued each day despite the threat of a military crackdown.[97]
On 22 September 2007, while still underhouse arrest, Aung San Suu Kyi made a brief public appearance at the gate of her residence inYangon to accept the blessings of Buddhist monks who were marching in support of human rights.[98] It was reported that she was moved the next day toInsein Prison (where she had been detained in 2003),[99][100][101][102] but meetings with UN envoyIbrahim Gambari near her Rangoon home on 30 September and 2 October established that she remained under house arrest.[103][104]
US SenatorJim Webb visiting Aung San Suu Kyi in 2009. Webb negotiated the release ofJohn Yettaw, the man who trespassed in Aung San Suu Kyi's home.
On 3 May 2009, an American man, identified asJohn Yettaw, swam acrossInya Lake toher house uninvited and was arrested when he made his return trip three days later.[105] He had attempted to make a similar trip two years earlier, but for unknown reasons was turned away.[106] He claimed at trial that he was motivated by a divine vision requiring him to notify her of an impending terrorist assassination attempt.[107] On 13 May, Aung San Suu Kyi was arrested for violating the terms of her house arrest because Yettaw, who pleaded exhaustion, was allowed to stay in her house for two days before he attempted the swim back. Aung San Suu Kyi was later taken toInsein Prison, where she could have faced up to five years'confinement for the intrusion.[108] The trial of Aung San Suu Kyi and her two maids began on 18 May and a small number of protesters gathered outside.[109][110] Diplomats and journalists were barred from attending the trial, but on one occasion, several diplomats fromRussia,Thailand andSingapore and journalists were allowed to meet Aung San Suu Kyi.[111] The prosecution had originally planned to call 22 witnesses.[112] It also accused Yettaw of embarrassing the country.[113] During the ongoing defence case, Aung San Suu Kyi said she was innocent. The defence was allowed to call only one witness (out of four), while the prosecution was permitted to call 14 witnesses. The court rejected two character witnesses,NLD membersTin Oo andWin Tin, and permitted the defence to call only a legal expert.[114] According to one unconfirmed report, the junta was planning to place her in detention again, this time in a military base outside the city.[115] In a separate trial, Yettaw said he swam to Aung San Suu Kyi's house to warn her that her life was "in danger".[116] The national police chief later confirmed that Yettaw was the "main culprit" in the case filed against Aung San Suu Kyi.[117] According to aides, Aung San Suu Kyi spent her 64th birthday in jail sharingbiryani rice and chocolate cake with her guards.[118]
Her arrest and subsequent trial received worldwide condemnation by theUN Secretary GeneralBan Ki-moon, theUnited Nations Security Council,[119] Western governments,[120]South Africa,[121]Japan[122] and theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations, of which Burma is a member.[123] The Burmese government strongly condemned the statement, as it created an "unsound tradition"[124] and criticisedThailand for meddling in its internal affairs.[125] The Burmese Foreign MinisterNyan Win was quoted in the state-run newspaperNew Light of Myanmar as saying that the incident "was trumped up to intensify international pressure on Burma by internal and external anti-government elements who do not wish to see the positive changes in those countries' policies toward Burma".[113] Ban responded to an international campaign[126] by flying to Burma to negotiate, butThan Shwe rejected all his requests.[127]
On 11 August 2009, the trial concluded with Aung San Suu Kyi being sentenced to three years' imprisonment withhard labour. This sentence wascommuted by the military rulers to further house arrest of 18 months.[128] On 14 August,US SenatorJim Webb visited Burma, visiting with junta leader GeneralThan Shwe and later with Aung San Suu Kyi. During the visit, Webb negotiated Yettaw's release and deportation from Burma.[129] After the verdict, Aung San Suu Kyi's lawyers said they would appeal the 18-month sentence.[130] On 18 August,United States PresidentBarack Obama asked the country's military leadership to set free all political prisoners, including Aung San Suu Kyi.[131] In her appeal, Aung San Suu Kyi had argued that the conviction was unwarranted. However, her appeal against the August sentence was rejected by a Burmese court on 2 October 2009. Although the court accepted the argument that the 1974 constitution, under which she had been charged, was null and void, it also said the provisions of the 1975 security law, under which she has been kept under house arrest, remained in force. The verdict effectively meant that she would be unable to participate in the elections scheduled to take place in 2010—the first in Burma in two decades. Her lawyer stated that her legal team would pursue a new appeal within 60 days.[132]
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi at a conference in London, during 5 countries tour of Europe, 2012The ceremony of theSakharov Prize awarded to Aung San Suu Kyi byMartin Schulz, inside theEuropean Parliament's Strasbourg hemicycle, in 2013The 2009 celebration of Aung San Suu Kyi's birthday in Dublin, IrelandAung San Suu Kyi greeting supporters from Bago State in 2011
Vietnam, however, did not support calls by other ASEAN member states for Myanmar to free Aung San Suu Kyi, state media reported Friday, 14 August 2009.[154] The state-runViệt Nam News said Vietnam had no criticism of Myanmar's decision 11 August 2009 to place Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest for the next 18 months, effectively barring her from elections scheduled for 2010. "It is our view that the Aung San Suu Kyi trial is an internal affair of Myanmar", Vietnamese government spokesman Le Dung stated on the website of theMinistry of Foreign Affairs. In contrast with other ASEAN member states, Dung said Vietnam has always supported Myanmar and hopes it will continue to implement the "roadmap to democracy" outlined by its government.[155]
It was announced prior to the2010 Burmese general election that Aung San Suu Kyi may be released "so she can organize her party",[158] However, Aung San Suu Kyi was not allowed to run.[159] On 1 October 2010 the government announced that she would be released on 13 November 2010.[160]
US PresidentBarack Obama personally advocated the release of all political prisoners, especially Aung San Suu Kyi, during the US-ASEAN Summit of 2009.[161]
The US Government hoped that successful general elections would be an optimistic indicator of the Burmese government's sincerity towards eventual democracy.[162] TheHatoyama government which spent 2.82 billion yen in 2008, has promised more Japanese foreign aid to encourage Burma to release Aung San Suu Kyi in time for the elections; and to continue moving towards democracy and the rule of law.[162][163]
In a personal letter to Aung San Suu Kyi,UK Prime MinisterGordon Brown cautioned the Burmese government of the potential consequences of rigging elections as "condemning Burma to more years of diplomatic isolation and economic stagnation".[164]
Aung San Suu Kyi met with many heads of state and opened a dialog with the Minister of LaborAung Kyi (not to be confused with Aung San Suu Kyi).[165] She was allowed to meet with senior members of her NLD party at the State House, however these meetings took place under close supervision.[166]
Aung San Suu Kyi addressing crowds at the NLD headquarters shortly after her releaseAung San Suu Kyi meeting with US Secretary of StateHillary Rodham Clinton in Yangon, December 2011
On the evening of 13 November 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest.[167] This was the date her detention had been set to expire according to a court ruling in August 2009[168] and came six days after a widely criticisedgeneral election. She appeared in front of a crowd of her supporters, who rushed to her house in Rangoon when nearby barricades were removed by the security forces. Aung San Suu Kyi had been detained for 15 of the past 21 years.[169] The government newspaperNew Light of Myanmar reported the release positively,[170] saying she had been granted a pardon after serving her sentence "in good conduct".[171]The New York Times suggested that the military government may have released Aung San Suu Kyi because it felt it was in a confident position to control her supporters after the election.[170]Her son Kim Aris was granted a visa in November 2010 to see his mother shortly after her release, for the first time in 10 years.[172] He visited again on 5 July 2011, to accompany her on a trip toBagan, her first trip outsideYangon since 2003.[173] Her son visited again on 8 August 2011, to accompany her on a trip toPegu, her second trip.[174]
Discussions were held between Aung San Suu Kyi and the Burmese government during 2011, which led to a number of official gestures to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade unions were legalised.[175][176]
In November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its intention to re-register as a political party to contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[177] Following the decision, Aung San Suu Kyi held a telephone conference with US PresidentBarack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of StateHillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally China.[178] On 1 December 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi met with Hillary Clinton at the residence of the top-ranking US diplomat in Yangon.[179]
On 21 December 2011, Thai Prime MinisterYingluck Shinawatra met Aung San Suu Kyi inYangon, marking Aung San Suu Kyi's "first-ever meeting with the leader of a foreign country".[180]
On 5 January 2012,British Foreign MinisterWilliam Hague met Aung San Suu Kyi and his Burmese counterpart. This represented a significant visit for Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma. Aung San Suu Kyi studied in theUK and maintains many ties there, whilst Britain is Burma's largest bilateral donor.During Aung San Suu Kyi's visit to Europe, she visited the Swiss parliament, collected her 1991 Nobel Prize in Oslo and her honorary degree from the University of Oxford.[181][182][183]
In December 2011, there was speculation that Aung San Suu Kyi would run in the2012 national by-elections to fill vacant seats.[184] On 18 January 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi formally registered to contest aPyithu Hluttaw (lower house) seat in theKawhmu Township constituency in special parliamentary elections to be held on 1 April 2012.[185][186] The seat was previously held by Soe Tint, who vacated it after being appointed Construction Deputy Minister, in the2010 election.[187] She ran againstUnion Solidarity and Development Party candidate Soe Min, a retired army physician and native ofTwante Township.[188]
Aung San Suu Kyi (centre) giving a speech to the supporters during the 2012 by-election campaign at her constituency Kawhmu township, Myanmar on 22 March 2012
On 3 March 2012, at a large campaign rally inMandalay, Aung San Suu Kyi unexpectedly left after 15 minutes, because of exhaustion and airsickness.[189]
In an official campaign speech broadcast on Burmese state television'sMRTV on 14 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi publicly campaigned for reform of the2008 Constitution, removal of restrictive laws, more adequate protections for people's democratic rights, and establishment of an independent judiciary.[190] The speech was leaked online a day before it was broadcast.[191] A paragraph in the speech, focusing on theTatmadaw's repression by means of law, was censored by authorities.[192]
Aung San Suu Kyi also called for international media to monitor the by-elections, while publicly pointing out irregularities in official voter lists, which include deceased individuals and exclude other eligible voters in the contested constituencies.[193][194] On 21 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was quoted as saying "Fraud and rule violations are continuing and we can even say they are increasing."[195]
When asked whether she would assume a ministerial post if given the opportunity, she said the following:[196]
I can tell you one thing—that under the present constitution, if you become a member of the government you have to vacate your seat in the national assembly. And I am not working so hard to get into parliament simply to vacate my seat.
On 26 March 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi suspended her nationwide campaign tour early, after a campaign rally inMyeik (Mergui), a coastal town in the south, citing health problems due to exhaustion and hot weather.[197]
US PresidentBarack Obama and Secretary of StateHillary Clinton with Aung San Suu Kyi and her staff at her home in Yangon, 2012
On 1 April 2012, the NLD announced that Aung San Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in Parliament.[198] A news broadcast on state-runMRTV, reading the announcements of theUnion Election Commission, confirmed her victory, as well as her party's victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Aung San Suu Kyi theLeader of the Opposition in thePyidaungsu Hluttaw.[199]
Although she and other MP-elects were expected to take office on 23 April when the Hluttaws resumed session, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, said they might not take their oaths because of its wording; in its present form, parliamentarians must vow to "safeguard" the constitution.[200][201] In an address onRadio Free Asia, she said "We don't mean we will not attend the parliament, we mean we will attend only after taking the oath ... Changing that wording in the oath is also in conformity with the Constitution. I don't expect there will be any difficulty in doing it."[202]
On 2 May 2012, National League for Democracy MP-elects, including Aung San Suu Kyi, took their oaths and took office, though the wording of the oath was not changed.[203] According to theLos Angeles Times, "Suu Kyi and her colleagues decided they could do more by joining as lawmakers than maintaining their boycott on principle."[203]On 9 July 2012, she attended the Parliament for the first time as a lawmaker.[204][205]
On 16 June 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was finally able to deliver her Nobel acceptance speech (Nobel lecture) atOslo's City Hall, two decades after being awarded the peace prize.[206][207] In September 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi received in person the United StatesCongressional Gold Medal, which is the highest Congressional award. Although she was awarded this medal in 2008, at the time she was under house arrest, and was unable to receive the medal. Aung San Suu Kyi was greeted with bipartisan support at Congress, as part of a coast-to-coast tour in the United States. In addition, Aung San Suu Kyi met PresidentBarack Obama at theWhite House. The experience was described by Aung San Suu Kyi as "one of the most moving days of my life".[208][209] In 2014, she was listed as the 61st-most-powerful woman in the world byForbes.[210][211][212][213]
Aung San Suu Kyi meetingBarack Obama at the White House in September 2012
On 6 July 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi announced on theWorld Economic Forum's website that she wanted to run for the presidency inMyanmar's 2015 elections.[214] Thecurrent Constitution, which came intoeffect in 2008, bars her from the presidency because she is the widow and mother of foreigners—provisions that appeared to be written specifically to prevent her from being eligible.[215]
Foreign SecretaryBoris Johnson meeting Aung San Suu Kyi in London, 12 September 2016
The NLD won a sweeping victory in those elections, winning at least 255 seats in the House of Representatives and 135 seats in the House of Nationalities. In addition, Aung San Suu Kyi won re-election to the House of Representatives. Under the2008 constitution, the NLD needed to win at least a two-thirds majority in both houses to ensure that its candidate would become president. Before the elections, Aung San Suu Kyi announced that even though she is constitutionally barred from the presidency, she would hold the real power in anyNLD-led government.[216] On 30 March 2016 she became Minister for the President's Office, for Foreign Affairs, for Education and for Electric Power and Energy in PresidentHtin Kyaw's government; later she relinquished the latter two ministries and President Htin Kyaw appointed herState Counsellor, a position akin to aPrime Minister created especially for her.[217][218][219][220] The position of State Counsellor was approved by the House of Nationalities on 1 April 2016 and the House of Representatives on 5 April 2016. The next day, her role as State Counsellor was established.[221]
Initially, upon accepting the State Counsellor position, she granted amnesty to the students who were arrested for opposing theNational Education Bill, and announced the creation of the commission onRakhine State, which had a long record of persecution of the MuslimRohingya minority. However, soon Aung San Suu Kyi's government did not manage with the ethnic conflicts inShan andKachin states, where thousands of refugees fled toChina, and by 2017 thepersecution of the Rohingya by the government forces escalated to the point that it is not uncommonly called a genocide. Aung San Suu Kyi, when interviewed, has denied the allegations ofethnic cleansing.[225][226] She has also refused to grantcitizenship to the Rohingya, instead taking steps to issue ID cards for residency but no guarantees of citizenship.[227]
Aung San Suu Kyi with Chilean PresidentSebastián Piñera, 14 November 2018
Her tenure asState Counsellor of Myanmar has drawn international criticism for her failure to address her country's economic and ethnic problems, particularly the plight of theRohingya following the25 August 2017 ARSA attacks (described as "certainly one of the biggest refugee crises and cases of ethnic cleansing since theSecond World War"), for the weakening offreedom of the press and for her style of leadership, described as imperious and "distracted and out of touch".[228][229]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar, Suu Kyi chaired a National Central Committee responsible for coordinating the country's pandemic response.[230]
Response to the genocide of Rohingya Muslims and refugees
In 2017, critics called for Aung San Suu Kyi's Nobel prize to be revoked, citing her silence over thegenocide of Rohingya people in Myanmar.[231][232] Some activists criticised Aung San Suu Kyi for her silence on the2012 Rakhine State riots (later repeated during the2015 Rohingya refugee crisis), and her indifference to the plight of theRohingya, Myanmar's persecuted Muslim minority.[233][234] In 2012, she told reporters she did not know if theRohingya could be regarded as Burmese citizens.[235] In a 2013 interview with the BBC'sMishal Husain, Aung San Suu Kyi did not condemn violence against the Rohingya and denied that Muslims in Myanmar have been subject toethnic cleansing, insisting that the tensions were due to a "climate of fear" caused by "a worldwide perception that global Muslim power is 'very great'". She did condemn "hate of any kind" in the interview.[236] According toPeter Popham, in the aftermath of the interview, she expressed anger at being interviewed by a Muslim.[237] Husain had challenged Aung San Suu Kyi that almost all of the impact of violence was against the Rohingya, in response to Aung San Suu Kyi's claim that violence was happening on both sides, and Peter Popham described her position on the issue as one of purposeful ambiguity for political gain.[238]
However, she said that she wanted to work towards reconciliation and she cannot take sides as violence has been committed by both sides.[239] According toThe Economist, her "halo has even slipped among foreign human-rights lobbyists, disappointed at her failure to make a clear stand on behalf of the Rohingya minority". However, she has spoken out "against a ban on Rohingya families near the Bangladeshi border having more than two children".[240]
In a 2015 BBC News article, reporterJonah Fisher suggested that Aung San Suu Kyi's silence over the Rohingya issue is due to a need to obtain support from the majorityBamar ethnicity as she is in "the middle ofa general election campaign".[241] In May 2015, theDalai Lama publicly called upon her to do more to help the Rohingya in Myanmar, claiming that he had previously urged her to address the plight of the Rohingya in private during two separate meetings and that she had resisted his urging.[242] In May 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi asked the newly appointedUnited States Ambassador to Myanmar,Scot Marciel, not to refer to the Rohingya by that name as they "are not recognized as among the 135 official ethnic groups" in Myanmar.[243] This followedBamar protests at Marciel's use of the word "Rohingya".[244]
In 2016, Aung San Suu Kyi was accused of failing to protect Myanmar'sRohingya Muslims during theRohingya genocide.[245] State crime experts fromQueen Mary University of London warned that Aung San Suu Kyi is "legitimising genocide" in Myanmar.[246] Despite continued persecution of the Rohingya well into 2017, Aung San Suu Kyi was "not even admitting, let alone trying to stop, the army's well-documented campaign of rape, murder and destruction against Rohingya villages".[247] On 4 September 2017,Yanghee Lee, theUN's special rapporteur onhuman rights in Myanmar, criticised Aung San Suu Kyi's response to the "really grave" situation inRakhine, saying: "The de facto leader needs to step in—that is what we would expect from any government, to protect everybody within their own jurisdiction."[248] TheBBC reported that "Her comments came as the number of Rohingya fleeing toBangladesh reached 87,000, according to UN estimates", adding that "her sentiments were echoed byNobel Peace laureateMalala Yousafzai, who said she was waiting to hear from Ms Suu Kyi—who has not commented on the crisis since it erupted".[248] The next dayGeorge Monbiot, writing inThe Guardian, called on readers to sign achange.org petition to have the Nobel peace prize revoked, criticising her silence on the matter and asserting "whether out of prejudice or out of fear, she denies to others the freedoms she rightly claimed for herself. Her regime excludes—and in some cases seeks to silence—the very activists who helped to ensure her own rights were recognised."[249] TheNobel Foundation replied that there existed no provision for revoking a Nobel Prize.[250] ArchbishopDesmond Tutu, a fellow peace prize holder, also criticised Aung San Suu Kyi's silence: in an open letter published on social media, he said: "If the political price of your ascension to the highest office in Myanmar is your silence, the price is surely too steep ... It is incongruous for a symbol of righteousness to lead such a country."[251] On 13 September it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would not be attending aUN General Assembly debate being held the following week to discuss the humanitarian crisis, with a Myanmar's government spokesman stating "perhaps she has more pressing matters to deal with".[252]
In October 2017,Oxford City Council announced that, following a unanimous cross-party vote,[253] the honour ofFreedom of the City, granted in 1997 in recognition of her "long struggle for democracy", was to be withdrawn following evidence emerging from the United Nations which meant that she was "no longer worthy of the honour".[254] A few days later,Munsur Ali, a councillor forCity of London Corporation, tabled a motion to rescind theFreedom of the City of London: the motion was supported byCatherine McGuinness, chair of the corporation's policy and resources committee, who expressed "distress ... at the situation in Burma and the atrocities committed by the Burmese military".[253] On 13 November 2017,Bob Geldof returned hisFreedom of the City of Dublin award in protest over Aung San Suu Kyi also holding the accolade, stating that he does not "wish to be associated in any way with an individual currently engaged in the mass ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people of north-west Burma". Calling Aung San Suu Kyi a "handmaiden to genocide",[255] Geldof added that he would take pride in his award being restored if it is first stripped from her.[256] TheDublin City Council voted 59–2 (with one abstention) to revoke Aung San Suu Kyi's Freedom of the City award over Myanmar's treatment of theRohingya people in December 2017, thoughLord Mayor of DublinMícheál Mac Donncha denied the decision was influenced by protests byGeldof and members ofU2.[257][258] At the same meeting, the Councillors voted 37–7 (with 5 abstentions) to remove Geldof's name from the Roll of Honorary Freemen.[257][259]
In March 2018, theUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum revoked Aung San Suu Kyi's Elie Wiesel Award, awarded in 2012, citing her failure "to condemn and stop the military's brutal campaign" against Rohingya Muslims.[260][261][262]
Aung San Suu Kyi with Indonesian PresidentJoko Widodo, 22 June 2019
In August 2018, it was revealed that Aung San Suu Kyi would be stripped of her Freedom of Edinburgh award over her refusal to speak out against the crimes committed against the Rohingya. She had received the award in 2005 for promoting peace and democracy in Burma.[264] This will be only the second time that anyone has ever been stripped of the award,[265][266] afterCharles Stewart Parnell lost it in 1890 due to a salacious affair.[266] Also in August, a UN report, while describing the violence as genocide, added that Aung San Suu Kyi did as little as possible to prevent it.[267]
On 11 November 2018, Amnesty International announced it was revoking her Ambassador of Conscience award.[269]In December 2019, Aung San Suu Kyi appeared in theInternational Court of Justice atThe Hague where she defended the Burmese military against allegations of genocide against the Rohingya.[18] In a speech of over 3,000 words, Aung San Suu Kyi did not use the term "Rohingya" in describing the ethnic group.[270] She stated that the allegations of genocide were "incomplete and misleading",[18] claiming that the situation was actually a Burmese military response to attacks by theArakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA).[270] She also questioned how there could be "genocidal intent" when the Burmese government had opened investigations and also encouraged Rohingya to return after being displaced.[271][272] However, experts have largely criticised the Burmese investigations as insincere, with the military declaring itself innocent and the government preventing a visit from investigators from the United Nations.[272] Many Rohingya have also not returned due to perceiving danger and a lack of rights in Myanmar.[271]
In January 2020, the International Court of Justice decided that there was a "real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice to the rights" of the Rohingya. The court also took the view that the Burmese government's efforts to remedy the situation "do not appear sufficient" to protect the Rohingya. Therefore, the court ordered the Burmese government to take "all measures within its power" to protect the Rohingya from genocidal actions. The court also instructed the Burmese government to preserve evidence and report back to the court at timely intervals about the situation.[273][274]
On 14 February 2025, a court in Argentina, acting on a petition from the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK and citing universal jurisdiction, issued arrest warrants against several officials in Myanmar, including Aung San Suu Kyi on charges of "genocide and crimes against humanity" against the Rohingyas.[275]
In December 2017, twoReuters journalists,Wa Lone andKyaw Soe Oo, werearrested while investigating theInn Din massacre ofRohingyas.[276][277] Suu Kyi publicly commented in June 2018 that the journalists "weren't arrested for covering the Rakhine issue", but because they had broken Myanmar's Official Secrets Act.[277][278] As the journalists were then on trial for violating the Official Secrets Act, Aung San Suu Kyi's presumption of their guilt was criticised by rights groups for potentially influencing the verdict.[277][279] American diplomatBill Richardson said that he had privately discussed the arrest with Suu Kyi, and that Aung San Suu Kyi reacted angrily and labelled the journalists "traitors".[280] A police officer testified that he was ordered by superiors to useentrapment to frame and arrest the journalists; he was later jailed and his family evicted from their home in the police camp.[281] The judge found the journalists guilty in September 2018 and to be jailed for seven years.[277] Aung San Suu Kyi reacted to widespread international criticism of the verdict by stating: "I don't think anyone has bothered to read" the judgement as it had "nothing to do with freedom of expression at all", but the Official Secrets Act. She also challenged critics to "point out where there has been a miscarriage of justice", and told the two Reuters journalists that they could appeal their case to a higher court.[282]
In September 2018, theOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report that since Aung San Suu Kyi's party, the NLD, came to power, the arrests and criminal prosecutions of journalists in Myanmar by the government and military, under laws which are too vague and broad, have "made it impossible for journalists to do their job without fear or favour."[17]
Protesters holding posters with the image of Aung San Suu Kyi during a demonstration against the military coupProtesting teachers holding portraits of Aung San Suu Kyi
On 1 February 2021, Aung San Suu Kyiwas arrested and deposed by the Myanmar's military, along with other leaders of herNational League for Democracy (NLD) party, after Myanmar's military declared theNovember 2020 general election results fraudulent.[283][284] A 1 February court order authorised her detainment for 15 days, stating that soldiers searching her Naypyidaw villa had uncovered imported communications equipment lacking proper paperwork. Aung San Suu Kyi was transferred to house arrest on the same evening, and on 3 February was formally charged with illegally importing ten or more walkie-talkies. She faces up to three years in prison for the charges. According toThe New York Times, the charge "echoed previous accusations of esoteric legal crimes (and) arcane offenses" used by the military against critics and rivals.[285] As of 9 February, 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi continued to be held incommunicado, without access to international observers or legal representation of her choice.[286]
On 1 April 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi was charged with the fifth offence in relation to violating the official secrets act. According to her lawyer, it is the most serious charge brought against her after the coup and could carry a sentence of up to 14 years in prison if convicted.[289] On 12 April 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi was hit with another charge, this time "under section 25 of the natural disaster management law". According to her lawyer, it is her sixth indictment. She appeared in court via video link and now faces five charges in the capitalNaypyidaw and one inYangon.[290]
On 28 April 2021, theNational Unity Government (NUG), in which Aung San Suu Kyi symbolically retained her position, anticipated that there would be no talks with the junta until all political prisoners, including her, are set free. This move by her supporters come after anASEAN-supported consensus with the junta leadership in the past days.[291] However, on 8 May 2021, the junta designated NUG as a terrorist organisation and warned citizens not to cooperate, nor to give aid to the parallel government, stripping Aung San Suu Kyi of her symbolic position.[292][293][294] On 10 May 2021, her lawyer said she would appear in court in person for the first time since her arrest after theSupreme Court ruled that she could attend in person and meet her lawyers. She had been previously only allowed to do so remotely from her home.[295] On 21 May 2021, a military junta commission was formed to dissolve Aung San Suu Kyi'sNational League for Democracy (NLD) on grounds of election fraud in the November 2020 election.[296] On 22 May 2021, during his first interview since the coup, junta leaderMin Aung Hlaing reported that she was in good health at her home and that she would appear in court in a matter of days.[297] On 23 May 2021, theEuropean Union expressed support for Aung San Suu Kyi's party and condemned the commission aimed at dissolving the party, echoing the NLD's statement released earlier in the week.[298]
On 24 May 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi appeared in person in court for the first time since the coup to face the "incitement to sedition" charge against her.[299] During the 30-minute hearing, she said that she was not fully aware of what was going on outside as she had no access to full information from the outside and refused to respond on the matters. She was also quoted on the possibility of her party's forced dissolution as "Our party grew out of the people so it will exist as long as people support it."[300] In her meeting with her lawyers, Aung San Suu Kyi also wished people "good health".[300]
On 2 June 2021, it was reported that the military had moved her (as well asWin Myint) from their homes to an unknown location.[301]
On 10 June 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi was charged withcorruption, the most serious charge brought against her, which carries a maximum penalty of 15 years' imprisonment. Aung San Suu Kyi's lawyers say the charges are made to keep her out of the public eye.[302]
On 14 June 2021, the trial against Aung San Suu Kyi began. Any conviction would prevent her from running for office again.[303] Aung San Suu Kyi's lawyers attempted to have prosecution testimony against her on the sedition charge disqualified but the motion was denied by the judge.[304]
On 13 September 2021, court proceedings were to resume against her, but it was postponed due to Aung San Suu Kyi presenting "minor health issues" that impeded her from attending the court in person.[305]
On 4 October 2021, Aung San Suu Kyi asked the judge to reduce her times of court appearances because of her fragile health. Aung San Suu Kyi described her health as "strained".[306]
In November, the Myanmar courts deferred the first verdicts in the trial without further explanation or giving dates.[307] In the same month, she was again charged with corruption, related to the purchase and rental of a helicopter, bringing the total of charges to nearly a dozen.[308]
On 6 December 2021, Suu Kyi was sentenced to 4 years in jail.[309][310] Suu Kyi, who is still facing multiple charges and further sentences, was sentenced on the charge of inciting dissent and violating COVID-19 protocols. Following a partial pardon by the chief of the military government, Aung San Suu Kyi's four-year sentence was reduced to two years' imprisonment.[311]
On 10 January 2022, the military court in Myanmar sentenced Suu Kyi to an additional four years in prison on a number of charges including "importing and owning walkie-talkies" and "breaking coronavirus rules". The trials, which are closed to the public, the media, and any observers, were described as a "courtroom circus of secret proceedings on bogus charges" by the deputy director for Asia ofHuman Rights Watch.[19]
On 27 April 2022, Aung San Suu Kyi was sentenced to five years in jail on corruption charges.[312][313]
On 22 June 2022, junta authorities ordered that all further legal proceedings against Suu Kyi will take place in prison venues, instead of a courtroom. No explanation of the decision was given.[314] Citing unidentified sources, theBBC reported that Suu Kyi was also moved on 22 June from house arrest, where she had had close companions, to solitary confinement in a specially-built area inside a prison in Naypyidaw. This is the same prison in whichWin Myint had similarly been placed in solitary confinement. The military confirmed that Suu Kyi had been moved to prison.[315]
On 15 August 2022, sources following Aung San Suu Kyi's court proceedings said that she was sentenced to an additional six years' imprisonment after being found guilty on four corruption charges, bringing her overall sentences to 17 years in prison.[316] In September 2022, she was convicted of election fraud and breaching the state's secrets act and sentenced to a total of six years in prison for both convictions, increasing her overall sentence to 23 years in prison.[317][318] By 12 October 2022, she had been sentenced to 26 years imprisonment on ten charges in total, including five corruption charges.[319] On 30 December 2022, her trials ended with another conviction and an additional sentence of seven years' imprisonment for corruption. Aung San Suu Kyi's final sentence is of 33 years in prison.[21]
On 12 July 2023, Thailand's foreign ministerDon Pramudwinai said at the ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting inJakarta that he met with Aung San Suu Kyi during his visit to Myanmar.[320] On 1 August 2023, the military junta granted Suu Kyi a partial pardon, reducing her sentence to a total of 27 years in prison.[22][321] Prior to the pardon, she was moved from prison to a VIP government residence, according to an official from the NLD party.[322]
However, it was reported that since the beginning of September 2023, she is back in prison. The exact time when she was sent back to prison is unknown.[323] Since January, Aung San Suu Kyi and her lawyers are trying to get six corruption charges overturned. To this date, the requests are repeatedly denied.[324]
On 16 April 2024, the military announced that Aung San Suu Kyi had been transferred to house arrest due to aheat wave.[325] However, pro-democracy publications such asThe Irrawaddy claimed that she remains in prison, with air conditioners being added to her cell.[326]
According to reports published onDemocratic Voice of Burma, Aung San Suu Kyi was moved to an undisclosed location from house arrest around October 2025.[327]
It is not power that corrupts, but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it.
Asked what democratic models Myanmar could look to, she said: "We have many, many lessons to learn from various places, not just theAsian countries likeSouth Korea,Taiwan,Mongolia, andIndonesia." She also cited "Eastern Europe and countries, which made the transition from communist autocracy to democracy in the 1980s and 1990s, and theLatin American countries, which made the transition from military governments. And we cannot of course forgetSouth Africa, because although it wasn't a military regime, it was certainly an authoritarian regime." She added: "We wish to learn from everybody who has achieved a transition to democracy, and also ... our great strong point is that, because we are so far behind everybody else, we can also learn which mistakes we should avoid."[329]
Aung San Suu Kyi with French Ambassador for Human Rights,François Zimeray
Freedom Now, a US-based non-profit organisation, was retained in 2006 by a member of her family to help secure Aung San Suu Kyi's release from house arrest. The organisation secured several opinions from the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention that her detention was in violation of international law; engaged in political advocacy such as spearheading a letter from 112 former Presidents and Prime Ministers to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon urging him to go to Burma to seek her release, which he did six weeks later; and published numerous op-eds and spoke widely to the media about her ongoing detention. Its representation of her ended when she was released from house arrest on 13 November 2010.[330]
Aung San Suu Kyi has been an honorary board member ofInternational IDEA andARTICLE 19 since her detention, and has received support from these organisations.[331][332]
In 2003, theFreedom Forum recognised Aung San Suu Kyi's efforts to promote democracy peacefully with the Al Neuharth Free Spirit of the Year Award, in which she was presented over satellite because she was under house arrest. She was awarded one million dollars.[334]
In June of each year, theU.S. Campaign for Burma organises hundreds of "Arrest Yourself" house parties around the world in support of Aung San Suu Kyi. At these parties, the organisers keep themselves under house arrest for 24 hours, invite their friends, and learn more about Burma and Aung San Suu Kyi.[335]
The Freedom Campaign, a joint effort between the Human Rights Action Center and US Campaign for Burma, looks to raise worldwide attention to the struggles of Aung San Suu Kyi and the people of Burma.[336]
TheBurma Campaign UK is a UK-based NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation) that aims to raise awareness of Burma's struggles and follow the guidelines established by the NLD and Aung San Suu Kyi.[337]
St Hugh's College, Oxford, where she studied, had a Burmese theme for their annual ball in support of her in 2006.[338] The university later awarded her an honorary doctorate in civil law on 20 June 2012 during her visit to her alma mater.[339]
Aung San Suu Kyi is the official patron of The Rafto Human Rights House in Bergen, Norway. She received theThorolf Rafto Memorial Prize in 1990.[340]
She was made an honorary free person of theCity of Dublin, Ireland in November 1999, although a space had been left on the roll of signatures to symbolize her continued detention. This was subsequently revoked on 13 December 2017.[341]
In November 2005 the human rights groupEquality Now proposed Aung Sun Suu Kyi as a potential candidate, among other qualifying women, for the position ofU.N. Secretary General.[27] In the proposed list of qualified women Aung San Suu Kyi was recognised by Equality Now as the Prime Minister-Elect of Burma.[27]
The UN' special envoy toMyanmar,Ibrahim Gambari, met Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 March 2008 before wrapping up his trip to the military-ruled country.[342]
Aung San Suu Kyi was an honorary member ofThe Elders, a group of eminent global leaders brought together byNelson Mandela.[343] Her ongoing detention meant that she was unable to take an active role in the group, so The Elders placed an empty chair for her at their meetings.[344] The Elders have consistently called for the release of all political prisoners in Burma.[345] Upon her election to parliament, she stepped down from her post.[346]
In 2011, Aung San Suu Kyi was named the Guest Director of the 45thBrighton Festival.[348]
She was part of the international jury of Human Rights Defenders and Personalities who helped to choose a universalLogo for Human Rights in 2011.[349]
In June 2011, the BBC announced that Aung San Suu Kyi was to deliver the 2011Reith Lectures. The BBC covertly recorded two lectures with Aung San Suu Kyi in Burma, which were then smuggled out of the country and brought back to London.[350] The lectures were broadcast onBBC Radio 4 and theBBC World Service on 28 June 2011 and 5 July 2011.[351]
8 March 2012, Canadian Foreign Affairs MinisterJohn Baird presented Aung San Suu Kyi a certificate ofhonorary Canadian citizenship and an informal invitation to visit Canada. The honorary citizenship was revoked in September 2018 due to theRohingya conflict.[352]
In April 2012, British Prime MinisterDavid Cameron became the first leader of a major world power to visit Aung San Suu Kyi and the first British prime minister to visit Burma since the 1950s. In his visit, Cameron invited Aung San Suu Kyi to Britain where she would be able to visit her 'beloved' Oxford, an invitation which she later accepted. She visited Britain on 19 June 2012.[39]
29 May 2012 PM Manmohan Singh of India visited Aung San Suu Kyi. In his visit, PM invited Aung San Suu Kyi to India as well. She started her six-day visit to India on 16 November 2012, where among the places she visited was her alma materLady Shri Ram College in New Delhi.[355]
In 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi set up the charity Daw Khin Kyi Foundation to improve health, education and living standards in underdeveloped parts of Myanmar.[356] The charity was named after Aung San Suu Kyi's mother.Htin Kyaw played a leadership role in the charity before his election asPresident of Myanmar.[357] The charity runs a Hospitality and Catering Training Academy inKawhmu Township, inYangon Region,[358] and runs amobile library service which in 2014 had 8000 members.[359]
Seoul National University in South Korea conferred an honorary doctorate degree to Aung San Suu Kyi in February 2013.[360]
University of Bologna, Italy conferred an honorary doctorate degree in philosophy to Aung San Suu Kyi in October 2013.[361]
Irish songwritersDamien Rice andLisa Hannigan released in 2005 the single "Unplayed Piano", in support of the Free Aung San Suu Kyi 60th Birthday Campaign that was happening at the time.[368]
Irish rock bandU2 wrote the song"Walk On" in tribute to Aung San Suu Kyi.[369] It is the fourth track on their tenth studio album,All That You Can't Leave Behind (2000), and would later be issued as a single. Lead singerBono is wearing a t-shirt with her image and name on the front in their official video of the song. "Walk On" wonRecord of the Year at the2002 Grammy Awards, that also featured U2 performing the song. Bono publicised her plight during theU2 360° Tour, 2009–2011.[370]
Aung San Suu Kyi underwent surgery for agynecological condition in September 2003 atAsia Royal Hospital during her house arrest.[372] She also underwent minor foot surgery in December 2013 and eye surgery in April 2016.[373] In June 2012, her doctorTin Myo Win said that she had no serious health problems, but weighed only 48 kilograms (106 lb), had low blood pressure, and could become weak easily.[374]
After being arrested and detained on 1 February 2021, there were concerns that Aung San Suu Kyi's health was deteriorating.[375][376] However, according to military's spokespersonZaw Min Tun, special attention is given to her health and living condition.[377]Don Pramudwinai also said that "she was in good health, both physically and mentally".[378]
Although a junta spokesperson claimed that she is in good health, since being sent back to prison in September 2023, it is reported that her health condition is worsening and she is "suffering of toothache and unable to eat". Her request to see a dentist had been denied. Her son is urging the junta to allow Aung San Suu Kyi to receive medical assistance.[379][380]
According to her son, Kim Aris, Aung San Suu Kyi is suffering from a heart condition. A cardiologist was requested, but he did not know if the request was granted.[381][382]
^Selth, Andrew."Aung San Suu Kyi and the Tatmadaw".Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved16 October 2025.In March 2016, a new president and government were sworn in; and the next month Nobel Peace Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi became the country's de facto leader under the newly minted title of state counsellor
^"Myanmar's leader Aung San Suu Kyi urges people to oppose coup".Daily Sabah. 14 October 2025. Retrieved16 October 2025.The 75-year-old Suu Kyi is by far the country's most popular politician and became the country's de facto leader after her party won the 2015 elections, though the constitution barred her from being president
^"Myanmar: The return of the junta".Epthinktank. 17 February 2021. Retrieved16 October 2025.On 1 February 2021, the Myanmar armed forces seized power and imprisoned Aung San Suu Kyi, de facto leader of the country since 2016
^Deutsche Welle Article: Sentence for Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi sparks outrage and cautious hope Quote: The NLD won a convincing majority in elections in 1990, the last remotely fair vote in Burma. That would have made Aung San Suu Kyi the prime minister, but the military leadership immediately nullified the result. Now her party must decide whether to take part in a poll that shows little prospect of being just
^abPopham, Peter (2012)."Aung San Suu Kyi"(PDF).St. Hughs College Magazine.Archived(PDF) from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved27 March 2016.
^"National League for Democracy". National League for Democracy. Archived fromthe original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved26 September 2011. (Note: The date is in the "description"meta element of the web page and can be verified by viewing the page HTML code)
^abKyaw Yin Hlaing (August 2007). "Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar: A Review of the Lady's Biographies".Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International & Strategic Affairs.29 (2): 365.
^Susanne Prager-Nyein (February 2013). "Aung San Suu Kyi: Between Biographical Myth and Hard Realities".Journal of Contemporary Asia.3 (43):546–554.doi:10.1080/00472336.2013.771942.S2CID154402781.
^"Aung San Suu Kyi profile". Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma). Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved5 November 2010.
^Wadhams, Nick (9 June 2006)."Myanmar's Suu Kyi Hospitalized".The Washington Post. Associated Press.Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved9 June 2006.
^"Monks put Myanmar junta in tight spot". Associated Press. 21 September 2007. Archived fromthe original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved14 April 2018.Government opponents began demonstrating over the price hikes Aug. 19, but the protests were quickly contained by the junta with waves of arrests and beatings. With activists in jail or hiding, the leadership role fell to the monks.
^"Obama to appeal on Suu Kyi".The Straits Times. Singapore. 10 November 2009.Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved30 September 2010.
^abMcCartan, Brian (30 September 2009)."US takes a radical turn on Myanmar".Asia Times. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved30 September 2010.
^Sharpe, Penny."Daw Aung San Suu Kyi". Penny Sharpe MLC. Archived fromthe original on 30 March 2010.In 1990, Aung San Suu Kyi stood as the National League for Democracy's candidate for Prime Minister in the Burmese general election. The NLD won in a landslide but the military junta refused to hand over power.
^twist in Aung San Suu Kyi's fateArchived 25 June 2009 at theWayback Machine Article: How a Missouri Mormon may have thwarted democracy in Myanmar. By Patrick Winn — GlobalPost Quote: "Suu Kyi has mostly lived under house arrest since 1990 when the country's military junta refused her election to the prime minister's seat. The Nobel Peace Laureate remains backed by a pro-democracy movement-in-exile, many of them also voted into a Myanmar parliament that never was." Published: 21 May 2009 00:48 ETBANGKOK, Thailand
^The line in question is Schedule Four of the 2008 Constitution (Form of Oaths or Affirmation), which states: "After being elected as an MP, I do solemnly swear to preserve, protect, and nurture the Constitution while following the nation's laws." (ကျွန်ုပ် ... သည် လွှတ်တော်ကိုယ်စားလှယ်အဖြစ်ရွေးချယ်ခံရပြီးဖြစ်သဖြင့် နိုင်ငံတော်ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေကို ထိန်းသိမ်းကာကွယ် စောင့်ရှောက်ပြီး နိုင်ငံတော်၏ ဥပဒေများကိုလည်း လိုက်နာပါမည်။), officially translated as: "I do solemnly and sincerely promise that as an elected representative of the Hluttaw, I will uphold and abide by the Constitution of the Union."
^"Sanctions on Myanmar".The Economist. 20 May 2016.Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved20 May 2016.Suu Kyi unsettled Western diplomats (who not long ago used unequivocally to adore her) when she asked the new American ambassador not to refer to a persecuted Muslim minority by their name, the Rohingyas. Burman chauvinists had demonstrated in Yangon and Mandalay against the new ambassador's use of the word, which in their eyes graces the Rohingyas with the dignity of citizenship which they wish to deny to them.
Aung San Suu Kyi: Standing Up for Democracy in Burma (Women Changing the World) (1998) by Bettina LingISBN978-1-55861-197-9
Prisoner for Peace: Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma's Struggle for Democracy (Champions of Freedom Series) (1994) by John Parenteau,ISBN978-1-883846-05-3
Des femmes prix Nobel de Marie Curie à Aung San Suu Kyi, 1903–1991 (1992) by Charlotte Kerner, Nicole Casanova, Gidske Anderson,ISBN978-2-7210-0427-7
Aung San Suu Kyi, towards a new freedom (1998) by Chin Geok AngISBN978-981-4024-30-3
Aung San Suu Kyi's struggle: Its principles and strategy (1997) by Mikio OishiISBN978-983-9861-06-8
Finding George Orwell in Burma (2004) by Emma LarkinISBN0-14-303711-0
Character Is Destiny: Inspiring Stories Every Young Person Should Know and Every Adult Should Remember (2005) by John McCain, Mark Salter. Random HouseISBN978-1-4000-6412-0
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