Johann August Wilhelm Neander (17 January 1789 – 14 July 1850) was a Germantheologian and church historian.[1]
Neander was born inGöttingen asDavid Mendel. His father, Emmanuel Mendel, was said to have been aJewishpeddler.[2] While very young, his parents separated and he moved with his mother toHamburg. After completinggrammar school (Johanneum), he enrolled in agymnasium where he discoveredPlato. Some of his fellow students includedWilhelm Neumann, writerKarl August Varnhagen von Ense, and poetAdelbert von Chamisso.[3]
Neander's conversion from Judaism to Christianity was the largest change in his life and had a heavy impact upon both himself and his writing. Neander, along with his brothers and sisters, followed later by their mother, eventually left the synagogue and embraced Christianity. In his own personal conversion, Neander was influenced by theApostle John, due to the similarity in the sentiment of John's writings to those of Plato.[4][5]
Neander's conversion has been likened to the conversion ofSaint Paul of Tarsus,[5] due to the impact that his new faith had on his person, his work, his relationship with his students, and his attitude toward church history.[6][7]
He was baptized on 25 February 1806 at the age of 17 and adopted the name of Neander, or "new man" on becoming aProtestant Christian.[8]
Neander studied divinity at theUniversity of Halle underFriedrich Schleiermacher. Before the end of his first year, the events of theWar of the Fourth Coalition forced Neander to move toGöttingen where he continued his studies, specialising in Plato andPlutarch, and studying theology underGJ Planck. At this point Neander decided that the original investigation of Christian history would form the great work of his life.[3]
After university, he returned to Hamburg and passed his examination for the Christian ministry. However, after eighteen months, he decided on an academic career atHeidelberg where two vacancies had occurred in the theological faculty of the university. He became a teacher of theology in 1811 and became a professor the following year.
At this time, Neander published his first monograph,Über den KaiserJulianus und sein Zeitalter. The following year he was called toUniversity of Berlin, where he was appointed Professor of Theology.[3] His pupils includedEdmond de Pressensé.
He published a second monograph,Der Heilige Bernhard und sein Zeitalter in 1813, and a thirdGnosticism in 1818 (Genetische Entwickelung der vornehmsten gnostischen Systeme). A more extended monograph followed in 1822,Der HeiligeJohannes Chrysostomus und die Kirche besonders des Orients in dessen Zeitalter, with one onTertullian in 1824 (Antignostikus). In 1824 he also cofounded theBerlin Missionary Society withLudwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach,August von Bethmann-Hollweg and others in Berlin.[9]
Neander began his work on Christian history in 1824 and published the first volume ofAllgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche in 1825. The other volumes followed at intervals with the fifth in 1842, focusing on the period ofBoniface VIII. A posthumous volume published in 1852, finished with the period of theCouncil of Basel.[3]
While working on these volumes, Neander also published several other books including;
Several of his books went through multiple editions and were translated into English.
Neander died in Berlin on 14 July 1850, worn out and nearly blind. He died whilst dictating a page of his General history.[2]
His grave is preserved in theProtestantFriedhof I der Jerusalems – und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations ofJerusalem's Church andNew Church) inBerlin-Kreuzberg, south ofHallesches Tor.
After his death, a succession of volumes representing his various courses of lectures appeared (1856–64)[where?], in addition to the Lectures on theHistory of Dogma (Theologische Vorlesungen), which were edited by J. L. Jacobi in 1857.[3]
Shortly after Neander's birth, his mother Esther divorced her husband and moved the family to Hamburg where they experienced a great deal of poverty.[5][10] However, Neander cherished this period in his life and described it in endearing terms as “men in all ages who… have been indebted to their pious mothers” for planting the seeds of faith in their hearts.[11]
This period in Neander's life had a profound effect on both his personal faith and his attitude towards life in general. Neander was often described as ‘wide-hearted’, ‘truthful’, ‘sincere’, ‘free from all the stuff of vanity’, ‘affectionate’, ‘innocent and pure of heart’.[12][6][13]
Neander felt indebted to his teacher and later his friend and colleague Schleiermacher.[14]
To exhibit the history of the church of Christ, as a living witness of the divine power of Christianity; as a school of Christian experience; a voice, a sounding through the ages, of instruction, of doctrine, and of reproof, for all who are disposed to listen.[15]
Neander's principal work was theGeneral History of the Christian Religion and Church (Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche). Each volume contrasted an era of ecclesiastical history with the church in Neander's own time.
His guiding principle in dealing both with history and with the contemporary condition of the church was "that Christianity has room for the various tendencies of human nature, and aims at permeating and glorifying them all; that according to the divine plan these various tendencies are to occur successively and simultaneously and to counterbalance each other, so that the freedom and variety of the development of the spiritual life ought not to be forced into a single dogmatic form" (Otto Pfleiderer).[3]
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Neander, Johann August Wilhelm".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 321.