August Derleth | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Derleth in 1939 | |
| Born | August William Derleth February 24, 1909 Sauk City, Wisconsin, US |
| Died | July 4, 1971(1971-07-04) (aged 62) Sauk City, Wisconsin, US |
| Pen name | Stephen Grendon[1] |
| Occupation | Novelist, short story writer |
| Genre | Fantasy,Horror,Mystery,Regional,Science fiction |
| Literary movement | Weird Fiction |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2 |
August William Derleth (February 24, 1909 – July 4, 1971) was an American writer and anthologist. He was the first book publisher of the writings ofH. P. Lovecraft. He made contributions to theCthulhu Mythos and thecosmic horror genre and helped found the publisherArkham House (which did much to bring supernatural fiction into print in hardcover in the US that had only been readily available in the UK). Derleth was also a leading Americanregional writer of his day, as well as prolific in several other genres, includinghistorical fiction,poetry,detective fiction,science fiction, andbiography. Notably, he created the fictional detectiveSolar Pons, a pastiche ofArthur Conan Doyle'sSherlock Holmes.
A 1938Guggenheim Fellow, Derleth considered his most serious work to be the ambitiousSac Prairie Saga, a series of fiction, historical fiction, poetry, and non-fiction naturalist works designed to memorialize life in the Wisconsin he knew. Derleth can also be considered a pioneering naturalist and conservationist in his writing.[2]
The son of William Julius Derleth and Rose Louise Volk, Derleth grew up inSauk City, Wisconsin.[3] He was educated in local parochial and public high school. Derleth wrote his first fiction at age 13. He was interested most in reading, and he made three trips to the library a week. He would save his money to buy books (his personal library exceeded 12,000 volumes later on in life). Some of his biggest influences wereRalph Waldo Emerson's essays,Walt Whitman,H. L. Mencken'sThe American Mercury,Samuel Johnson'sThe History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia,Alexandre Dumas,Edgar Allan Poe,Walter Scott, andHenry David Thoreau'sWalden.
Forty rejected stories and three years later, according to anthologist Jim Stephens, he sold his first story, "Bat's Belfry", toWeird Tales magazine in 1926. Derleth wrote throughout his four years at theUniversity of Wisconsin, where he received aB.A. in 1930.[4] During this time he also served briefly as associate editor of Minneapolis-basedFawcett PublicationsMystic Magazine.
Returning to Sauk City in the summer of 1931, Derleth worked in a local canning factory and collaborated with childhood friendMark Schorer (later Chairman of theUniversity of California, Berkeley English Department). They rented a cabin, writing Gothic and other horror stories and selling themtoWeird Tales magazine. Derleth won a place on the O'Brien Roll of Honor forFive Alone, published inPlace of Hawks, but was first published inPagany magazine.
As a result of his early work on theSac Prairie Saga, Derleth was awarded the prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship; his sponsors wereHelen C. White, Nobel Prize-winning novelistSinclair Lewis and poetEdgar Lee Masters ofSpoon River Anthology fame.
In the mid-1930s, Derleth organized a Ranger's Club for young people, served as clerk and president of the localschool board, served as a parole officer, organized a local men's club and aparent-teacher association.[5] He also lectured in American regional literature at the University of Wisconsin and was a contributing editor ofOutdoors Magazine.
With longtime friendDonald Wandrei, Derleth foundedArkham House in 1939. Its initial objective was to publish the works of H. P. Lovecraft, with whom Derleth had corresponded since his teenage years. At the same time, he began teaching a course in American Regional Literature at the University of Wisconsin.
In 1941, he became literary editor ofThe Capital Times newspaper inMadison, a post he held until his resignation in 1960. His hobbies included fencing, swimming, chess,philately and comic-strips (Derleth reportedly used the funding from his Guggenheim Fellowship to bind his comic book collection, most recently valued in the millions of dollars, rather than to travel abroad as the award intended.). Derleth's trueavocation, however, was hiking the terrain of his native Wisconsin lands, and observing and recording nature with an expert eye.
Derleth once wrote of his writing methods, "I write very swiftly, from 750,000 to a million words yearly, very little of it pulp material."
In 1948, he was elected president of the Associated Fantasy Publishers at the6th World Science Fiction Convention inToronto.[6]
He was married April 6, 1953, to Sandra Evelyn Winters. They divorced six years later.[4] Derleth retained custody of the couple's two children,April Rose Derleth andWalden William Derleth. April earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1977. She became majority stockholder, President, and CEO of Arkham House in 1994. She remained in that capacity until her death. She was known in the community as a naturalist and humanitarian. April died on March 21, 2011.[7]
In 1960, Derleth began editing and publishing a magazine calledHawk and Whippoorwill, dedicated to poems of man and nature.
Derleth died of a heart attack on July 4, 1971,[8] and is buried in St. Aloysius Cemetery in Sauk City.[3] TheU.S. 12 bridge over theWisconsin River is named in his honor. Derleth wasRoman Catholic.[9]
In Derleth's biography, Dorothy M. Grobe Litersky stated that Derleth was bisexual, and maintained long-term romantic relationships with both men and women. This assertion has not been verified; no names were given of these romantic partners (in the interest of privacy according to Litersky), and no evidence or acknowledgement of Derleth having a bisexual or homosexual orientation has ever been found in his personal correspondence.[10]
Derleth wrote more than 150 short stories and more than 100 books during his lifetime.
Derleth wrote an expansive series of novels, short stories, journals, poems, and other works aboutSac Prairie. Derleth intended this series to comprise up to 50 novels telling the projected life-story of the region from the 19th century onwards, with analogies toBalzac'sHuman Comedy andProust'sRemembrance of Things Past.
This, and other early work by Derleth, made him a well-known figure among the regional literary figures of his time: earlyPulitzer Prize winnersHamlin Garland andZona Gale, as well as Sinclair Lewis, the last both an admirer and critic of Derleth.
As Edward Wagenknecht wrote inCavalcade of the American Novel, "What Mr. Derleth has that is lacking...in modern novelists generally, is a country. He belongs. He writes of a land and a people that are bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh. In his fictional world, there is a unity much deeper and more fundamental than anything that can be conferred by an ideology. It is clear, too, that he did not get the best, and most fictionally useful, part of his background material from research in the library; like Scott, in his Border novels, he gives, rather, the impression of having drunk it in with his mother's milk."
Jim Stephens, editor ofAn August Derleth Reader, (1992), argues: "what Derleth accomplished....was to gather a Wisconsin mythos which gave respect to the ancient fundament of our contemporary life."
The author inaugurated theSac Prairie Saga with four novellas comprisingPlace of Hawks, published by Loring & Mussey in 1935. At publication,The Detroit News wrote: "Certainly with this book Mr. Derleth may be added to the American writers of distinction."[11]
Derleth's first novel,Still is the Summer Night, was published two years later by the famousCharles Scribners' editorMaxwell Perkins, and was the second in his Sac Prairie Saga.
Village Year, the first in a series of journals – meditations on nature, Midwestern village American life, and more – was published in 1941 to praise fromThe New York Times Book Review: "A book of instant sensitive responsiveness...recreates its scene with acuteness and beauty, and makes an unusual contribution to the Americana of the present day." TheNew York Herald Tribune observed that "Derleth...deepens the value of his village setting by presenting in full the enduring natural background; with the people projected against this, the writing comes to have the quality of an old Flemish picture, humanity lively and amusing and loveable in the foreground and nature magnificent beyond." James Grey, writing in theSt. Louis Dispatch concluded, "Derleth has achieved a kind of prose equivalent of theSpoon River Anthology."
In the same year,Evening in Spring was published by Charles Scribners & Sons. This work Derleth considered among his finest. WhatThe Milwaukee Journal called "this beautiful little love story", is an autobiographical novel of first love beset by small-town religious bigotry. The work received critical praise:The New Yorker considered it a story told "with tenderness and charm", while theChicago Tribune concluded: "It's as though he turned back the pages of an old diary and told, with rekindled emotion, of the pangs of pain and the sharp, clear sweetness of a boy's first love." Helen Constance White, wrote inThe Capital Times that it was "...the best articulated, the most fully disciplined of his stories."
These were followed in 1943 withShadow of Night, a Scribners' novel of whichThe Chicago Sun wrote: "Structurally it has the perfection of a carved jewel...Apsychological novel of the first order, and an adventure tale that is unique and inspiriting."
In November 1945, however, Derleth's work was attacked by his one-time admirer and mentor, Sinclair Lewis. Writing inEsquire, Lewis observed, "It is a proof of Mr. Derleth's merit that he makes one want to make the journey and see his particular Avalon: TheWisconsin River shining among its islands, and the castles of Baron Pierneau and Hercules Dousman. He is a champion and a justification of regionalism. Yet he is also a burly, bounding, bustling, self-confident, opinionated, and highly-sweatered young man with faults so grievous that a melancholy perusal of them may be of more value to apprentices than a study of his serious virtues. If he could ever be persuaded that he isn't half as good as he thinks he is, if he would learn the art of sitting still and using a blue pencil, he might become twice as good as he thinks he is – which would about rank him with Homer." Derleth good-humoredly reprinted the criticism along with a photograph of himself sans sweater, on the back cover of his 1948 country journal:Village Daybook.
A lighter side to theSac Prairie Saga is a series of quasi-autobiographical short stories known as the "Gus Elker Stories", amusing tales of country life thatPeter Ruber, Derleth's last editor, said were "...models of construction and...fused with some of the most memorable characters in American literature." Most were written between 1934 and the late 1940s, though the last, "Tail of the Dog", was published in 1959 and won theScholastic Magazine short story award for the year. The series was collected and republished inCountry Matters in 1996.
Walden West, published in 1961, is considered by many Derleth's finest work. This prose meditation is built out of the same fundamental material as the series of Sac Prairie journals, but is organized around three themes: "the persistence of memory...the sounds and odors of the country...and Thoreau's observation that the 'mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation.'" A blend of nature writing, philosophic musings, and careful observation of the people and place of "Sac Prairie". Of this work, George Vukelich, author of "North Country Notebook", writes: "Derleth'sWalden West is...the equal of Sherwood Anderson'sWinesburg,Ohio, Thornton Wilder'sOur Town, and Edgar Lee Masters'Spoon River Anthology." This was followed eight years later byReturn to Walden West, a work of similar quality, but with a more noticeable environmentalist edge to the writing, notes criticNorbert Blei.
A close literary relative of theSac Prairie Saga was Derleth'sWisconsin Saga, which comprises several historical novels.
Detective fiction represented another substantial body of Derleth's work. Most notable among this work was a series of 70 stories in affectionate pastiche ofSherlock Holmes, whose creator, SirArthur Conan Doyle, he admired greatly. The stories feature a Holmes-styled British detective namedSolar Pons, of 7BPraed Street in London. These included one published novel as well (Mr. Fairlie's Final Journey). The series was greatly admired by such notable writers and critics of mystery and detective fiction asEllery Queen (Frederic Dannay),Anthony Boucher,Vincent Starrett, andHoward Haycraft.
In his 1944 volumeThe Misadventures of Sherlock Holmes, Ellery Queen wrote of Derleth's "The Norcross Riddle", an early Pons story: "How many budding authors, not even old enough to vote, could have captured the spirit and atmosphere with as much fidelity?" Queen adds, "his choice of the euphonic Solar Pons is an appealing addition to the fascinating lore of Sherlockian nomenclature." Vincent Starrett, in his foreword to the 1964 edition ofThe Casebook of Solar Pons, wrote that the series is "as sparkling a galaxy of Sherlockian pastiches as we have had since the canonical entertainments came to an end."
Despite close similarities to Doyle's creation, Pons lived in the post-World War I era, in the decades of the 1920s and 1930s. Though Derleth never wrote a Pons novel to equalThe Hound of the Baskervilles, editor Peter Ruber wrote that "Derleth" produced more than a few Solar Pons stories almost as good as Sir Arthur's, and many that had better plot construction."
Although these stories were a form of diversion for Derleth, Ruber, who editedThe Original Text Solar Pons Omnibus Edition (2000), argued: "Because the stories were generally of such high quality, they ought to be assessed on their own merits as a unique contribution in the annals of mystery fiction, rather than suffering comparison as one of the endless imitators of Sherlock Holmes."
Some of the stories were self-published, through a new imprint called "Mycroft & Moran", an appellation of humorous significance to Holmesian scholars. For approximately a decade, an active supporting group was the Praed Street Irregulars, patterned after theBaker Street Irregulars.
In 1946, Conan Doyle's two sons made some attempts to force Derleth to cease publishing the Solar Pons series, but the efforts were unsuccessful, and were eventually withdrawn.[12]
Derleth's mystery and detective fiction also included a series of works set in Sac Prairie and featuring Judge Peck as the central character.
Derleth wrote many and varied children's works, including biographies meant to introduce younger readers to explorerJacques Marquette, as well asRalph Waldo Emerson andHenry David Thoreau. Arguably most important among his works for younger readers, however, is the Steve and Sim Mystery Series, also known as the Mill Creek Irregulars series.[13] The ten-volume series, published between 1958 and 1970, is set in Sac Prairie of the 1920s and can thus be considered in its own right a part of theSac Prairie Saga, as well as an extension of Derleth's body of mystery fiction. Robert Hood, writing in theNew York Times said: "Steve and Sim, the major characters, are twentieth-century cousins of Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer; Derleth's minor characters, little gems of comic drawing." The first novel in the series,The Moon Tenders, does, in fact, involve a rafting adventure down theWisconsin River, which led regional writerJesse Stuart to suggest the novel was one that "older people might read to recapture the spirit and dream of youth." The connection to theSac Prairie Saga was noted by theChicago Tribune: "Once again a small midwest community in 1920s is depicted with perception, skill, and dry humor."
Derleth was a correspondent and friend ofH. P. Lovecraft – when Lovecraft wrote about "le Comte d'Erlette" inhis fiction, it was in homage to Derleth. Derleth invented the term "Cthulhu Mythos" to describe the fictional universe depicted in the series of stories shared by Lovecraft and other writers in his circle.
When Lovecraft died in 1937, Derleth andDonald Wandrei assembled a collection of Lovecraft's stories and tried to get them published. Existing publishers showed little interest, so Derleth and Wandrei foundedArkham House in 1939 for that purpose. The name of the company derived from Lovecraft's fictional town ofArkham,Massachusetts, which features in many of his stories. In 1939, Arkham House publishedThe Outsider and Others, a huge collection that contained most of Lovecraft's known short stories. Derleth and Wandrei soon expanded Arkham House and began a regular publishing schedule after its second book,Someone in the Dark, a collection of some of Derleth's own horror stories, was published in 1941.
Following Lovecraft's death, Derleth wrote a number of stories based on fragments and notes left by Lovecraft. These were published inWeird Tales and later in book form, under the byline "H. P. Lovecraft and August Derleth", with Derleth calling himself a "posthumous collaborator". This practice has raised objections in some quarters that Derleth simply used Lovecraft's name to market what was essentially his own fiction;S. T. Joshi refers to the "posthumous collaborations" as marking the beginning of "perhaps the most disreputable phase of Derleth's activities".[14]
Dirk W. Mosig,[15] S. T. Joshi,[16] andRichard L. Tierney[17] were dissatisfied with Derleth's invention of the termCthulhu Mythos (Lovecraft himself usedYog-Sothothery) and his presentation of Lovecraft's fiction as having an overall pattern reflecting Derleth's own Christian world view, which they contrast with Lovecraft's depiction of an amoral universe. However,Robert M. Price points out that while Derleth's tales are distinct from Lovecraft's in their use of hope and his depiction of a struggle between good and evil, nevertheless the basis of Derleth's systemization are found in Lovecraft. He also suggests that the differences can be overstated:
Derlethwas more optimistic than Lovecraft in his conception of the Mythos, but we are dealing with a difference more of degree than kind. There are indeed tales wherein Derleth's protagonists get off scot-free (like "The Shadow in the Attic", "Witches' Hollow", or "The Shuttered Room"), but often the hero is doomed (e.g., "The House in the Valley", "The Peabody Heritage", "Something in Wood"), as in Lovecraft. And it must be remembered that an occasional Lovecraftian hero does manage to overcome the odds, e.g., in "The Horror in the Museum", "The Shunned House", and 'The Case of Charles Dexter Ward'.[18]
Derleth also treated Lovecraft'sGreat Old Ones as representatives of elemental forces, creating new fictional entities to flesh out this framework.
Such debates aside, Derleth's founding of Arkham House and his successful effort to rescue Lovecraft from literary oblivion are widely acknowledged by practitioners in the horror field as seminal events in the field. For instance,Ramsey Campbell has acknowledged Derleth's encouragement and guidance during the early part of his own writing career,[19] andKirby McCauley has cited Derleth and Arkham House as an inspiration for his own anthologyDark Forces.[20] Arkham House and Derleth publishedDark Carnival, the first book byRay Bradbury, as well.Brian Lumley cites the importance of Derleth to his own Lovecraftian work, and contends in a 2009 introduction to Derleth's work that he was "...one of the first, finest, and most discerning editors and publishers of macabre fiction."
Important as was Derleth's work to rescue H.P. Lovecraft from literary obscurity at the time of Lovecraft's death, Derleth also built a body of horror and spectral fiction of his own; still frequently anthologized. The best of this work, recently reprinted in four volumes of short stories – most of which were originally published inWeird Tales, illustrates Derleth's original abilities in the genre. While Derleth considered his work in this genre less important than his most serious literary efforts, the compilers of these four anthologies, including Ramsey Campbell, note that the stories still resonate after more than 50 years.
In 2009,The Library of America selected Derleth's storyThe Panelled Room for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American Fantastic Tales.
Derleth also wrote many historical novels, as part of both theSac Prairie Saga and theWisconsin Saga. He also wrote history; arguably most notable among these wasThe Wisconsin: River of a Thousand Isles, published in 1942. The work was one in a series entitled "The Rivers of America", conceived by writerConstance Lindsay Skinner during theGreat Depression as a series that would connect Americans to their heritage through the history of the great rivers of the nation. Skinner wanted the series to be written by artists, not academicians. Derleth, while not a trained historian, was, according to former Wisconsin state historianWilliam F. Thompson, "...a very competent regional historian who based his historical writing upon research in the primary documents and who regularly sought the help of professionals... ." In the foreword to the 1985 reissue of the work byThe University of Wisconsin Press, Thompson concluded: "No other writer, of whatever background or training, knew and understood his particular 'corner of the earth' better than August Derleth."
Additionally, Derleth wrote a number of volumes of poetry. Three of his collections –Rind of Earth (1942),Selected Poems (1944), andThe Edge of Night (1945) – were published by theDecker Press, which also printed the work of other Midwestern poets such asEdgar Lee Masters.
Derleth was also the author of several biographies of other writers, includingZona Gale,Ralph Waldo Emerson andHenry David Thoreau.
He also wrote introductions to several collections of classic early 20th century comics, such asBuster Brown,Little Nemo in Slumberland, andKatzenjammer Kids, as well as a book of children's poetry entitledA Boy's Way, and the foreword toTales from an Indian Lodge by Phebe Jewell Nichols. Derleth also wrote under thepen names Stephen Grendon, Kenyon Holmes and Tally Mason.
Derleth's papers were donated to theWisconsin Historical Society in Madison.[21]
August Derleth, 62, famed Wisconsin author and publisher, died Sunday of an apparent heart attack.
