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Anaudio game is anelectronic game played on a device such as apersonal computer. It is similar to avideo game save that there is audible and tactile feedback but not visual.
Audio games originally started out as 'blind accessible'-games and were developed mostly byamateurs andblindprogrammers.[1]But more and more people are showing interest in audio games, ranging from sound artists,game accessibility researchers, mobilegame developers and mainstreamvideo gamers. Most audio games run on a personal computer platform, although there are a few audio games for handhelds andvideo game consoles. Audio games feature the same variety of genres as video games, such asadventure games,racing games, etc.[2]
The term "electronic game" is commonly understood as a synonym for the narrower concept of the "video game." This is understandable as both electronic games and video games have developed in parallel and the game market has always had a strong bias toward the visual. The first electronic game, in fact, is often cited to beCathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device (1947) a decidedly visual game. Despite the difficulties in creating a visual component to early electronic games imposed by crude graphics, small view-screens, and power consumption, video games remained the primary focus of the early electronic game market.
Atari released the first audio game,Touch Me, in 1974. Housed in anarcade cabinet,Touch Me featured a series of lights which would flash with an accompanying tone. The player would reproduce the sequence by pressing a corresponding sequence of buttons and then the game would add another light/sound to the end of the growing sequence to continually test the player's eidetic memory in aPelmanism-style format. Although the game featured both a visual and an auditory component, the disconnect between the two enabled both the seeing and the visually impaired to equally enjoy the game.
Based on the popularity ofTouch Me, in 1978Milton Bradley Company released a handheld audio game entitledSimon atStudio 54 inNew York City. WhereasTouch Me had been in competition with other visual-centricvideo games and consequently remained only a minor success, the allure of a personal electronic game allowedSimon to capture a much greater share of the market.Simon became an immediate success eventually becoming a pop culture symbol of the 1980s.
In the decades following the release ofSimon,numerous clones and variations were produced includingMerlin among others. Beginning in 1996,Milton Bradley and a number of other producers released the handheldBop It which featured a similar concept of a growing series of commands designed to test eidetic memory.[3] Other related games soon followed includingBop It Extreme (1998),[4]Bop It-Extreme 2 (2002–2003),Zing-It,Top-It, andLoopz (2010)[5]
Beforegraphicaloperating systems likeWindows, mosthome computers used text-based operating systems such asDOS. Being text-based meant that they were relatively accessible to visually impaired users, requiring only the additional use oftext-to-speech (TTS) software. For the same reason, following the development of TTS software, text-based games such as early text-only works ofinteractive fiction were also equally accessible to users with or without a visual impairment.[6] Since the availability ofsuch software was not commonly accessible until the inclusion of theMacInTalk program onApple Computers in 1984, the library of games which became accessible to the vision impaired spanned everything from the earliest text adventure,Colossal Cave Adventure (1976), to the comparatively advanced works of interactive fiction which had developed in the subsequent 8 years. Although the popularity of this genre has waned in the general market as video-centric games became the dominant form of electronic game, this library is still growing with thefreeware development by devoted enthusiasts of new interactive fiction titles each year.[6]
Accessibility for the visually impaired began to change, some time prior to the advent of graphical operating systems as computers became powerful enough to support more video-centric games. This created a gap between electronic games for the seeing and games for the blind — a gap that has by now grown substantially. Due to a strong market bias in favor of the seeing, electronic games were primarily developed for this demographic. While seeing gamers could venture into3D gaming worlds in such video game titles asMyst,Final Fantasy andDoom, blind gamers were relegated to playing more mundane games such asBlackjack, orBattleship.
As video games flourished and became increasingly common, however, amateurgame designers began to adapt video games for the blind via sound. In time audio game programmers began to develop audio-only games, based to a smaller and smaller degree on existing video game ideas and instead focusing on the possibilities of game immersion and feedback with sound. Specifically, three-dimensional positional audio (binaural recording) has been developed since 2000 and now figures prominently in, for example, such audio games asBBBeat. To effect this, a sound is played in the left, center, or right channel to indicate an object's position in a virtual gaming environment. Generally, this involves stereo panning of various sound effects, many of which are looped to serve as indicators of hazards or objects with which the user can interact. Volume also plays a major role in 3D audio games primarily to indicate an object's proximity with reference to the user. The pitch of a sound is often varied to convey other information about the object it symbolizes. Voice talent is used to indicate menu items rather than text. These parameters have allowed for the creation of, among other genres, side scrollers, 3D action adventures, shooters, and arcade style games.
The websiteAudiogames.net provides a list of audio games and a forum for the community of audio game developers andgamers. Many of the listed games contain some primitive graphics as to make audio games not only accessible to blind and visually impaired people but also to gamers with vision, who may be unexperienced with TTS, auditory menus and typical keyboard mappings. Examples includeShades of Doom and theCURAT Sonification game.
Most audio games are now developed by several small companies (consisting of only a team of one to four people). The main audience remains primarilyvisually impaired users, however the game market at large is gradually taking more notice of audio games as well due to the issue ofgame accessibility. Commercial interest in audio games has steadily grown and as a resultartists andstudents have created a number of experimental freeware PC audio games to explore the possibilities and limitations of this gaming form.
Despite the increase in interest in audio games, however, many modern games still lack sufficient audio cues to be considered fully accessible for the visually impaired. Furthermore, the industry still lacks a clear set of accessibility guidelines for their development.[7] Tools such as the once popular Blastbay Game Toolkit engine that aided in the development of audio games are now obsolete, but current game engines likeUnity andUnreal that can support audio game development are not specifically designed for doing so, creating an additional hurdle for audio game developers.[8]
In the field ofconsole gaming, there has been very little in the way of audio games. One notable exception are the strong audio elements present in several of the games produced by the Japanese video game developerWarp, founded by musician and designerKenji Eno. In 1996, the company releasedEnemy Zero, which was notable for the fact that most of its enemies are invisible, with the player needing to rely on an audio-based tracking system, wherein the frequency and pitch of a beeping sound is used to locate them in3D space.[9] A year later, Warp releasedReal Sound: Kaze no Regret, anadventure audio game. Structured similarly to avisual novel, the game was designed to provide equal access to sighted and blind players, and as such features no visuals at all during gameplay, consisting purely of voice acting, sound effects, and music.
DiscussingReal Sound's production, Eno stated:
I got tired of [CG graphics]. I didn't want people to think that they could predict what Warp would do next. Also, I had a chance to visit people who are visually disabled, and I learned that there are blind people who playaction games. Of course, they're not able to have the full experience, and they're kind of trying to force themselves to be able to play, but they're making the effort. So I thought that if you turn off themonitor, both of you are just hearing the game. So after you finish the game, you can have an equal conversation about it with a blind person. That's an inspiration behind this game as well.[10]
Audio-based gameplay elements are also present in Warp'sD2.[11]
Nintendo, as part of its shift to alternative gameplay forms, has shown recent interest in audio games through its own development teams.[12] In July 2006, Nintendo released a collection of audio games calledSoundvoyager as the newest member of its spareDigiluxe series. The Digiluxe series forGame Boy Advance consists of 7 games (in 2 series) that are characterized by simple yet compelling gameplay,[13] minimal graphics, and the emphasis, in such titles asSoundvoyager andDotstream, on music.Soundvoyager contains 7 audio games (Sound Slalom,Sound Picker,Sound Drive,SoundCock,Sound Chase,Sound Catcher, andSound Cannon).[14] The Digiluxe series has been available in Japan since July 2006.[15]
In 2008,MIT students collaborated with the government ofSingapore and a professor at theNational University of Singapore to createAudiOdyssey, a game which allows both blind and sighted gamers to play together.[16]
Apple'siPhone platform has become home to a number of audio games, includingPapa Sangre.[17] Other examples include Audiogame.it'sFlarestar (a space-themed exploration game that features combat against training drones and other spacecraft)[7] andSonic Tennis (a game which simulates a tennis match and features a multiplayer mode).[18]
Android devices also feature a myriad of audio games. For example, the studio Blind Faith Games has developed various games for Android with the goal ofaccessibility for thevisually impaired community.[19] Examples includeGolf Accessible (a simulation of golfing) andZarodnik (astrategy game where the user faces a monster in the depths of the ocean), which utilize screen vibrations and audio cues for the gameplay experience.[19][7] Another unique example of an audio game for Android is a game currently in development by researchers atTsinghua University titledWander, which is intended to be used as the player falls asleep to improve the quality of their rest. A guide provides the instructions to users verbally, and they use their breath to explore a forest filled with relaxing environmental noises.[20]
With the rise in popularity ofvoice assistants such asAmazon Alexa came a new set of audio games. As of June 2021, 10,000 audio games were available as Alexa Skills for use with Amazon Alexa.[21] Among them are games like Rain Labs'Animal Sounds, which asks users to correctly identify the noises made by various animals.[22]
The rise of text-to-speech (TTS) software and steady improvements in the field have allowed full audio-conversion of traditionally video-based games. Such games were intended for use by and marketed to the seeing, however they do not actually rest primarily on the visual aspects of the game and so members of the audio game community have been able to convert them to audio games by using them in conjunction with TTS software. While this was originally only available for strictly text-based games liketext adventures andMUDs, advances in TTS software have led to increased functionality with a diverse array of software types beyond text-only media allowing other works of interactive fiction as well as various simulator games to be enjoyed in a strictly audio environment.
Examples of such games include:
Another example isThe Last of Us Part II, which was released byNaughty Dog in the summer of 2020 for thePlayStation 4. The game contains over 60 accessibility features, including a text-to-speech feature.[27] Other features that make the game completely playable without sight include the use of voice actors, haptic feedback, and audio cues that act as hints to the player.[27] In addition, the game provides the common audio game feature of a sound glossary menu. On this menu, the user can scroll through a variety of audio cues and hear what they sound like and what they are used for during gameplay. For this game in particular, examples include signals to the user that they can crouch, jump, or interact with the nearby environment.[27]
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