| Auckland Domain | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Interactive map of Auckland Domain | |
| Type | Public park |
| Location | Auckland, New Zealand |
| Area | 185 acres (75 hectares) |
| Created | 1843 (1843) |
| Operated by | Auckland Council |
| Status | Open year round |
TheAuckland Domain, also known asPukekawa / Auckland Domain, is a large park inAuckland, New Zealand. Consisting of 75 hectares (190 acres) of land, Auckland Domain is the oldest park in the city. Located in the central suburb ofGrafton, the parkland is the remains of the explosion crater and most of the surrounding tuff ring of the Pukekawa volcano.
The park is home to one of Auckland's main tourist attractions, theAuckland War Memorial Museum, which sits prominently on the crater rim (tuff ring). Several sports fields occupy the floor of the crater and the rim opposite the museum hosts the cricket pavilion andAuckland City Hospital. TheDomain Wintergardens, containing two large glass houses, lies on the north side of the centralscoria cone called Pukekaroa Hill. A sacred tōtara tree grows on top of Pukekaroa. The fernery has been constructed in an old quarry located in a part of Pukekaroa. The duck ponds lie in the northern sector of the explosion crater, which is breached to the north with a small overflow stream.[1][2][3]
The site was originally named "Pukekawa" byMāori.[4][5]
After being reserved byGovernor George Grey in 1845, the park became known as "Auckland Domain", or simply "the Domain".[6][4][7]
In 2014, the geographic hill betweenParnell andGrafton, locally known as "The Domain", was officially named "Pukekawa" as set out in aTreaty of Waitangi Settlement. The place name was changed to reflect the historical association of local Māori with this site.[8][9][5]Auckland Council and others call the park by the name "Pukekawa / Auckland Domain".[1][10][11]
"Pukekawa" traditionally meant 'sour hill', because the land was consideredkawa (meaning sour or bitter) and would not growkumara.[12] The first Māori KingPōtatau Te Wherowhero interpreted it to mean 'hill of bitter memories', likely referring to various hard-fought tribal battles between theNgāpuhi andNgati Whatuaiwi. Alternatively, Pukekawa may be a shortening ofPukekawakawa or 'the hill of thekawakawa tree', which are still found in the vicinity.[13]
The central volcanic conePukekaroa,[1][2] also known asPukekaroro ("Black-backed gull Hill"),[14][15] has atōtara tree, commemorating the battles and the continued peace agreement.
Auckland Domain is the remains of Pukekawa volcano,[4] one of the oldest volcanoes in theAuckland volcanic field, that erupted approximately 100,000 years ago.[14] Pukekawa consists of a large explosion crater surrounded by a tuff ring with a small scoria cone named Pukekaroa Hill in the centre of the crater. Itstuff ring, created by many explosive eruptions, is made of a mixture ofvolcanic ash,lapilli and fragmented sandstonecountry rock.[2] Its eruption followed soon (in geological terms) after the neighbouringGrafton Volcano was created, destroying that volcano's eastern parts and burying the rest.[16]
Originally, the crater floor was filled with a lava lake. The western half collapsed slightly and became a freshwater lake, that of which later turned into aswamp and slowly filled up withalluvium andsediment, before being drained by Europeans for use as playing fields and parkland. These origins are still somewhat visible in that the Duck Ponds are freshwater-fed from the drainage of the crater.[2]
The park has a mixture of exotic and native forest. Many of the exotic trees, such aspedunculate oak,eastern cottonwood andNorfolk pines were planted in the latter 19th century. Patches of native remnant forest survived primarily in the gullies of the park. The major native canopy species found in Auckland Domain includekaraka,pūriri,kauri,rimu,tōtara andtānekaha.[17]
Major bird species found in the park includesilvereye,tūī, theNew Zealand fantail,grey warbler, and introduced species such as thecommon blackbird,eastern rosella,Eurasian chaffinch,song thrush and thehouse sparrow. Between 1987 and 2021, significant increases in forest-adapted endemic bird species have been observed.[17]
The Auckland Domain is thetype locality (the place where the first specimen was collected) for several species, includingBocchus thorpei,[18]Spathius thorpei[19] andTrachypepla minuta.[20]
Pukekawa was identified byTāmaki Māori early on as one of the best sites in theisthmus area, with the north-facing side of the volcanic cones well-suited for growingkumara, while Pukekaroa Hill itself was used for storage and as apā site. The crater swamp meanwhile providedeels and water.[1][2] In 1828, Pukekaroa was the site of a peacemaking meeting between Northern and Waikato iwi.[21]
Soon after signing theTreaty of Waitangi,Ngāti Whātua Paramount ChiefApihai Te Kawau gifted 3000 acres of land on theWaitematā Harbour for the new capital of Auckland, including Pukekawa.[22][23][24][1] The Domain lands at this time were primarily covered by bracken fern, trees and wetlands.[25]
The area was set aside as a government-owned recreational space for the newly established town of Auckland in 1840.[26] GovernorWilliam Hobson based the design of the area, then known as the Government Domain, on similar recently established parks inMelbourne andSydney, as multi-purpose area serving as the grounds ofOld Government House, a recreational area and a botanical garden.[26] In the early 1840s, ropeworks and a flour mill were established at the northern, non-swampy side of the domain nearMechanics Bay.[27] Joseph Low and William Motion, the owners of the flour mill, diverted the Waipapa River which ran through the Domain for the mill, creating a dam.[27] The flour mill dam was often swum in by the European and Māori inhabitants of Auckland, and an annual "Native Feast" was held to celebrateQueen Victoria's Birthday.[27]
GovernorRobert FitzRoy officially designated the Domain as a public park reserve in 1844, naming it "Auckland Park".[28] The Domain was one of the few areas close to the settlement of Auckland with remaining trees, and the proclamation of the Domain as a reserve protected these trees.[28]
Between May and August 1845, Governor FitzRoy built a European-style cottage forWaikato Tainui rangatiraPōtatau Te Wherowhero, as a way to ensure peace and stability in the Auckland Region, in response to hostilities seen atRussell in the north.[29] Te Wherowhero settled at the cottage seasonally, moving between here and other residences gifted to him byTāmaki Māori iwi.[29] In the late 1840s, Te Wherowhero regularly met with Governor Grey, whom he formed a close working relationship with.[30] Te Wherowhero's brother Kati died at the cottage in 1850, and it became dilapidated by the 1860s.[31]
In 1866, the springs at the Auckland Domain became the first piped source of water for the town of Auckland after theWaihorotiu Stream became unsuitable.[32] The original swamp was drained and turned into acricket field.[2] This was replaced by the pumpworks atWestern Springs in 1877.[14]
From 1879 until 1920, market gardens run byChinese New Zealanders operated in the Domain grounds.[33]
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TheAuckland cricket team played all their home matches at Auckland Domain until 1913, when they moved toEden Park.[34] The Auckland Acclimatisation Society had their gardens in Auckland Domain in 1862;[21] they became theAuckland Botanic Gardens. Parts of the layout still exist north of the Band Stand, including some greenhouses from the 1870s.[citation needed] Many exotic specimen trees were donated and planted throughout Auckland Domain by the late Victorians which have now matured into a landscape park. They are now augmented by many New Zealand species.[citation needed] The wooden Cricket Ground Pavilion designed by William Anderson was built in 1898 as a replacement for an earlier structure that burnt down.[6] In 1910, Auckland Domain witnessed the first everrugby league test match in New Zealand whenGreat Britain defeatedNew Zealand in the1910 Great Britain Lions tour.[citation needed]
From 1 December 1913 to 18 April 1914, the Auckland Domain was the site of theAuckland Exhibition,[35] whose president was local businessman William Elliot. The financial return from this event resulted in many improvements to Auckland Domain, chief among them theWintergardens next to the duck ponds.[citation needed] Unlike many of the other buildings, the Tea Kiosk was intended to remain after the Exhibition closed.[33] Reputedly built in the form of an "ideal home", it is an example of anArts and Crafts cottage and was designed by architectural partnership Banford & Pierce. It stands between the Wintergardens and the duck ponds and houses a café and function centre.[6] The Wintergardens Fernery was created in a former scoria quarry on the side of the small Pukekaroa cone.[2]
In 1920, the Chinese market gardens land was offered to theAuckland Rugby League Association for a sports ground and stadium.[36] The garden buildings were removed, and replaced by theCarlaw Park sports stadium.[36]
During the 1920s and 1930s, Elliot donated several of the marble statues as well as money to complete the Wintergarden complex. He provided a further sum of money to construct theart deco entrance gates. Designed by the architectural firmGummer and Ford, the gates are surmounted by a bronze statue of a nude male athlete by the sculptorRichard Gross.[citation needed] Auckland Domain is also the location of several other public artworks including Guy Nygan'sMillennium Tree andKaitiaki byFred Graham.[37]
In 1929 the Auckland War Memorial Museum, which was built in a neo-Greek style, was opened. The rear portion was added in the 1960s, with a major renovation and extension in the mid-2000s adding a dome to the south end.[6] TheAuckland Cenotaph surrounded by a Court of Honour in front of the museum, is modelled on the 1920 Empire Cenotaph in Whitehall, London, was consecrated by theArchbishop of New Zealand in November 1929.[38]
In 1940 a tōtara tree was planted on top of the central cone Pukekaroa byKiingitanga leader PrincessTe Puea Hērangi, the great-granddaughter of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero to commemorate 100 years of theTreaty of Waitangi. The sacred tōtara is surrounded and protected by carved ancestral guardians of Pukekaroa, which were restored in 2017.[1][39] Also in 1940, to commemorate the founding of Auckland 100 years earlier, a new road was planned for Auckland Domain. "Centennial Drive" was surveyed and trees were planted along its length, but it was never formed as a road; it is now a walkway between the duck ponds and Stanley Street.[citation needed]
During World War II, two camps were erected in Auckland Domain for 1,726 United States troops, one in front of the Auckland Museum. To the west of the main entrance, a plaque commemorates their presence from 1942 to 1944.[1][40]
An 18,500 cubic metre (4 million gallon) water reservoir was constructed in 1952, buried in the field at the high point to the immediate south of the museum.[21] The reservoir is still in use maintaining the water supply into Auckland's central business district. In 1970, asensory garden for the blind was established at the eastern end of Auckland Domain by the Tamaki Lions Club and Council.[21] In 2005, a monument for the Auckland Regiment was installed south of the central cone Pukekaroa.[21]
Auckland Domain has also hosted many of New Zealand's largest outdoor events. Such use has a long history, from balloon ascents during the Edwardian period, to the 1953 Royal Tour ofElizabeth II, topapal visits, and various sports events.[citation needed]
Some of the largest annual events areChristmas in the Park, which in the past has drawn more than 200,000 spectators,[41] and other popular recurring events including the "Symphony under the Stars" and the "Teddybears Picnic".[citation needed]
The War Memorial Museum in the Auckland Domain is the site of the largest annualANZAC service in Auckland.[42] White crosses erected on the field in front of the War Memorial Museum, commemorate the people that died in theNew Zealand Wars and the New Zealand military personnel that died from wars fought overseas (beginning with theSouth African War).[43]
TheRed Bull Trolley Grand Prix was held using Domain Drive as the racecourse from 2003.[44][45]
During the2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floods, a lake reformed in the lower elevation area of Pukekawa / Auckland Domain that was once a wetland.[46]
36°51′33″S174°46′33″E / 36.859158°S 174.775808°E /-36.859158; 174.775808
