Athletic Club (Basque:Athletic Kluba;Spanish:Athletic Club), commonly known asAthletic Bilbao (Spanish:Athletic de Bilbao),[4] or simplyAthletic, is a professionalfootball club based in the city ofBilbao, Spain. They are known asLehoiak (The Lions) because their stadium was built near a church calledSan Mamés, which was named afterSaint Mammes, an early Christian thrown to the lions by theRomans.[5] Mammes pacified the lions and was later made asaint. The team plays its home matches at theSan Mamés Stadium. Its home colours are red and white striped shirts with black shorts.
Athletic are the fourth most successful club inLa Liga with eight titles to their name. In the table ofCopa del Rey titles, Athletic is second only to Barcelona, having won it 24 times.[note 1] It is also the most successful Basque football club in both league and cup titles won. The club also has one of the most successfulwomen's teams in Spain, which has won five championships in thePrimera División Femenina.
The club is known for itscantera policy of bringing youngBasque players through the ranks, as well as recruiting players from other Basque clubs.[9] Athletic'sofficial policy is to sign players native to or trained in football in thegreater Basque Country, which includesBiscay,Gipuzkoa,Álava andNavarre (in Spain), as well asLabourd,Soule andLower Navarre (in France). Since 1911, Athletic has played exclusively with players meeting its own criteria to be deemed Basque.[10] It has gained Athletic both admirers and critics. The club has been praised for promoting home grown players and club loyalty. The rule does not apply to coaching staff, with several examples of non-Basques both from Spain and abroad having coached the first team.
Despite the implications of the name 'Athletic Club' in English, and unlike some of the other major Spanish teams which have several departments, it is not amulti-sport club, participating only in football, although sections forcycling and other sports existed prior to theSpanish Civil War in the 1930s.[11]
Athletic Club with the firstCopa del Rey, in 1903, with Juan de Astorquia in the center
Football was introduced toBilbao by two distinct groups with British connections: British workers, and Basque students returning from schools in Britain.[12] In the late 19th century, Bilbao was a leading industrial town, thus becoming the home to a large British colony, mainly made up of migrant workers, including shipyard workers and miners from various areas of England, such asSouthampton,Portsmouth, andSunderland.[13][14] Along with coal, they brought with them (as in so many other parts of the world) the game of football. Meanwhile, sons of theBasque educated classes, such asJuan Astorquia, went to Britain to complete their studies, and while there they developed a deep interest in football, so when they returned they began to organize games with British workers at theHippodrome of Lamiako, which at the time was the home of organized football in Biscay.[15][16]
In 1898, Juan Astorquia and six other Basque students belonging to the Gymnasium Zamacois began to practice football in Lamiako.[12][17] Three years later, in 1901, at a meeting held at theCafé García, this group of football pioneers, now larger, began conversations to become a legalized official football club, which they calledAthletic Club, using the English spelling.[15]Luis Márquez became theclub's first president, while Astorquia andAlfred Mills (the club's only foreign-born founder) were named the team's captain and vice-captain, but in 1902, Astorquia replaced Márquez as president, ruling from 1902 until 1903.[17] Under his presidency, Athletic and their city rivalsBilbao Football Club reached an agreement to combine the best players of both sides to form a team known asClub Bizcaya, which was created to compete in the1902 Copa de la Coronación (forerunner of theCopa del Rey which officially began a year later) held inMadrid; Bizcaya returned to Bilbao with the trophy after beatingJoan Gamper'sFC Barcelona 2–1 in thefinal.[18][19][20] On 24 March 1903, Bilbao FC and its associates were officially and definitively absorbed by Athletic Club.[12] The club itself declares 1898 as its foundation date.[21]
Athletic Club champion team in 1915 along with the 1914 and 1915 Copa del Rey trophies.
The club featured prominently in early Copas del Rey. Following their triumph at the Copa de la Coronación byClub Bizcaya, Athletic won their first Copa del Rey in1903. After watchingthe final in the Spanish capital that year, Basque students also formed an affiliated team,Athletic Club Madrid, which later evolved intoAtlético Madrid. In1904, holders Athletic were declared winners of the trophy after their opponents failed to turn up. In 1907, they revived the nameClub Vizcaya after entering a combined team withLa Union and were beaten in the Copa final. After a brief lull, they won again in1910, withLuis Astorquia as the new captain and goalkeeper.
In 1911, former team captainAlejandro de la Sota, was elected as the 7th president of the club, and he was the driving force behind the construction of theSan Mamés Stadium (architect Manuel María Smith), which opened in 1913 and soon became one of the symbols of Athletic's dominance in the 1910s, winning the Copa del Rey three times in a row between1914 and1916, withBilly Barnes as coach. Between 1917 and 1919 the club went through a period of institutional crisis and during that time did not participate in the Copa del Rey, having failed to win theregional tournament which acted as the qualifier. In 1920, with the return of Billy Barnes, Athletic once again participated in the national championship and in 1921 won the Copa del Rey again.
The star of this team wasPichichi, a prolific goalscorer who scored the first goal at the San Mamés on 21 August 1913[22] and ahat-trick in the1915 final. The last championship won by Pichichi was the 1921 Copa del Rey, before his death aged just 29 in 1922. Today, the La Liga top-scorer is declared thePichichi in his honour.[23]
In the 1930s, Athletic Bilbao won four leagues and four cups in just six years. In the image, the1930–31 La Liga winning team.
Along with fellow Basque clubs such asReal Unión,Arenas Club de Getxo andReal Sociedad, Athletic was a founding member ofLa Liga in 1928 and by 1930 they were joined byCD Alavés; five of the ten clubs in thePrimera División were from the Basque Country. The saying "Con cantera y afición, no hace falta importación" (en: "With home-grown teams and support, there is no need for import"), made sense during these early days.
In 1922, a new English coach,Fred Pentland, arrived; in 1923, he led the club to victory in the Copa del Rey. He revolutionised the way Athletic played, favouring the short-passing game. In 1927, Pentland left Athletic but returned in 1929 and led the club to La Liga/Copa del Rey doubles in 1930 and 1931. The club won the Copa del Rey four times in a row between 1930 and 1933 and they were also La Liga runners-up in 1932 and 1933. In 1931, Athletic defeated Barcelona 12–1, the latter's worst defeat and the biggest win in LaLiga history.
Athletic's success under English coaches continued withWilliam Garbutt. His first season in Spain was a massive success as he managed to win theLiga[24] that year. He had inherited a talented squad that included one of the best strikers in the club's history, known asPrimera delantera histórica (en: First historic attack), formed byLafuente,José Iraragorri,Bata (top scorer of LaLiga in 1930–31),Chirri II andGuillermo Gorostiza (top scorer of LaLiga in 1929-30 and 1931–32). GoalkeeperGregorio Blasco also stood out, who was the most unbeaten goalie in LaLiga on three occasions.
Garbutt promoted the youngÁngel Zubieta to the first team, a player who at 17 years of age became the youngest ever to play for the Spanish national team[24] at the time. In the final game of the season, the title was decided when Athletic defeated Oviedo 2–0 at home on 19 April 1936, winning the title two points ahead of Real Madrid.[24] In July 1936, football halted due to the outbreak of theSpanish Civil War. The league did not restart until the1939–40 season. Athletic Club did not win the title again until1943 and by that time Garbutt had been exiled.[24]
In 1941, the club was forced to change its name to Atlético Bilbao, followinga decree issued by Franco, who also changed the name of the Copa del Rey to Copa del Generalísimo, in reference to his own figure.
After the civil war, the club had to rebuild the team almost from scratch, as only seven players from the team before the conflict remained: some who had shown themselves in favour ofBasque nationalism or theSpanish republic went into exile in Latin America, and others were rejected for fear of reprisals. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Athletic focused on the young promises of the Basque teams to rebuild the team. In this way, it managed to create a competitive team that quickly became champions.
The big star of this team wasTelmo Zarra, who became one of the club's great legends and the top scorer in its history with 335 goals. He won six Pichichi Trophies for being the top scorer in LaLiga (a record only surpassed by Messi in 2020), and his 38 goals in the1950–51 season stood as a record for 60 years. He was also the top scorer in LaLiga history since 1950 with 251 goals until in 2014 he was surpassed byLionel Messi and later byCristiano Ronaldo (however, he is still the top Spanish scorer in the championship). In 1997, theKing of SpainJuan Carlos I awarded him the gold medal toRoyal Order of Sports Merit.[25]
In 1954, coachFerdinand Daučík retired the team ofsecond historic attack and gave way to a new generation of players. Daučík managed to form a new champion team that won the double in1956 and two other victories in the Copa del Generalísimo in1955 and1958. The latter is remembered as one of the club's most important achievements because Athletic managed to beatDi Stefano'sReal Madrid, which had just won theEuropean Cup and LaLiga, and the Spanish federation also ignored Athletic's request to play in a neutral field and forced the final to be played inChamartin (Real Madrid stadium). However, the Bilbao team won the match 2–0 with goals fromArieta andMauri, and lifted the Cup in Chamartin Stadium. From that moment on, this was remembered asel equipo de los once aldeanos (en: the team of eleven villagers), since club president Enrique Guzmán shouted during the title celebration:"With eleven villagers, we have beaten them!", in allusion to the club's tradition of playing only with players from its homeland. The classic team lineup was:Carmelo;Orue,Garay,Canito;Mauri,Maguregui,Markaida;Arteche,Arieta (whom they considered Zarra's successor),Uribe andGaínza. Thanks to their league title triumph, the team represented Spain in the1956 Latin Cup, where they reached the final and lost toAC Milan by a score of 3–1.
The 1960s were dominated by Real Madrid, and Atlético went through a few years of transition in which the only figure that shone was goalkeeperJosé Ángel Iribar, who became one of the club's greatest legends along with Zarra. Due to the team's bad form, the fans used to constantly repeat the phraseJuegan Iribar y diez más (en:Iribar and ten more are playing). The situation improved when in1969 Atlético won a Copa del Generalísimo and was runner-up in LaLiga in the1969–70 season. The main stars of this team −in addition to Iribar− were the scorerFidel Uriarte (winner of aPichichi Trophy) and the wingerTxetxu Rojo.
The 1970s were not much better, with only another single Copa del Generalísimo win in1973. In December 1976, before a game against Real Sociedad, Iribar and Sociedad captainInaxio Kortabarria carried out theIkurriña (theBasque nationalist flag), and placed it ceremonially on the centre-circle – this was the first public display of the flag since the death ofFrancisco Franco. By then the Franco regime had also ended and the club reverted to using the nameAthletic. In 1977, the club reachedthe final of theUEFA Cup after eliminating teams likeAC Milan orFC Barcelona, among others, and only losing onaway goals toJuventus. They also reached the Copa del Rey final, which they lost toReal Betis on penalties (Iribar missed the decisive one, which gave the Sevillians the victory), and reached third position in LaLiga. Despite these defeats, this is remembered as one of the best teams in the history of Athletic Bilbao, which included historical players of the club such as Iribar, Rojo,Guisasola,Alexanko,Goikoetxea,Irureta,Dani orCarlos (last player to win thePichichi Trophy with the club).
In 1981,Javier Clemente became manager. He put together one of the most successful teams in the club's history, the main lineup of this team was:Zubizarreta;Urkiaga,Goikoetxea,Rocky Liceranzu,De la Fuente;De Andrés,Sola,Urtubi;Dani,Sarabia andArgote. In1982–83 season, Athletic became LaLiga champion after surpassingSantillana'sReal Madrid in the standings on the last round. The following year they won a LaLiga and Copa del Rey double. In that cup final they beatMaradona'sFC Barcelona 1–0; the Argentine player did not take the defeat well and attacked an Athletic player, which caused a brawl between both teams. Months earlier, Goikoetxea had injured Maradona after a hard tackle from behind, from which it took him several weeks to recover, and the Bilbao native was sanctioned with 17 games without playing (although the match referee did not show him any card for this fact).
In 1985 and 1986, Athletic finished third and fourth respectively. During the 1985–86 season, Clemente was fired due to a bad relationship with the team's star, Sarabia. A succession of coaches that included José Ángel Iribar,Howard Kendall,Jupp Heynckes andJavier Irureta and even a returning Clemente failed to reproduce his success.
In 1998, coachLuis Fernández led the club to second in La Liga andUEFA Champions League qualification. Fernández benefited from the club adopting a more flexible approach to thecantera. In 1995, Athletic had signedJoseba Etxeberria from regional rivals Real Sociedad, causing considerable bad feelings between the two clubs.[26] Etxeberria was a prominent member of the 1997–98 squad, along withIsmael Urzaiz andJulen Guerrero.
Aritz Aduriz became one of the top scorers in the club's history with 172 goals.
After Bielsa,Ernesto Valverde returned for a second spell as manager, and he signed or brought through several new players as Athletic came fourth inthe league, meaning aUEFA Champions League campaign.Ander Herrera transferred to Manchester United for €36 million deal at the end of the season.[35][36]
Athletic had a triumphant first full-capacity match in the newSan Mamés as they defeatedNapoli to qualify for theChampions League group stage,[37] however they could only finish 3rd in the group.[38] Athletic reached the2015 Copa del Rey Final, but once again lost to Barcelona, 3–1.[39]
In the first leg of the2015 Supercopa de España at San Mamés, Athletic defeated Barcelona 4–0, withAritz Aduriz scoring a hat-trick. In the return leg atCamp Nou, Athletic hung on with a 1–1 draw to win their first trophy since 1984.[40][41] Aduriz finished with 36 goals in all competitions. Athletic advanced to the quarter-finals in theEuropa League where they were only defeated on penalties by the holders and eventual repeat winnersSevilla FC.
Valverde left his position at the end of the 2016–17 season after four years.[42] It was confirmed that his successor would be former playerJosé Ángel Ziganda, moving up fromBilbao Athletic.[43] On 29 November the club suffered a shock defeat toSD Formentera in thedomestic cup.[44][45] At the conclusion of a poor season overall, Ziganda was dismissed andEduardo Berizzo was appointed. However, his spell was even less fruitful[46] and in December 2018, having won just two of his fifteen matches at the helm and with the team inthe relegation zone, Berizzo was dismissed. B-team coachGaizka Garitano took over[47] and oversaw an improvement in results, with the club moving well out of danger and narrowly missing out on a Europa League spot on the last day.[48]
Celebration of the 2024 Copa del Rey victory
Fans and private boats surround the Athletic Bilbao traditional barge.
Athletic Bilbao players riding the traditional barge.
The beginning of the2019–20 season saw more consistent results. After the first five games of the season, theLions sat at the top of the table, their best start in 26 years.[49] That form could not be maintained, and by the halfway point they had slipped to mid-table after several draws. However, in theCopa del Rey, they survived two penalty shootouts against second-tier opponents and then defeated Barcelona to reach the semi-finals.[50] The club then defeatedGranada CF in the semi-final on away goals to meet local rivals Real Sociedad in the final[51] – which was then postponed due to theCOVID-19 pandemic in Spain, both clubs happy to delay in the hope of supporters being able to attend the historic Basque derby occasion. This did not come to pass, andthe final was eventually played in an empty stadium on 3 April 2021, Real Sociedad emerging winners by a 1–0 scoreline.[52] By that time, Aduriz had finally retired from playing, Garitano had been replaced as coach byMarcelino, and the2020–21 Supercopa de España originally intended to follow the delayed cup final was contested, Athletic defeating Real Madrid then Barcelona to claim the trophy.[53] They also defeated Levante in the semi-final of the2020–21 Copa del Rey to reach the final on 17 April 2021, making them the only team to take part in the showpiece event twice in as many weeks;[54] however, Athletic lostthat final as well, to Barcelona by a 4–0 scoreline.[55] In October 2021, a report from theInternational Centre for Sports Studies (CIES) showed that Athletic Bilbao andDesna Chernihiv (Ukraine) were the only teams in European continental competitions without foreign players.They ended the season on 10th place.[56]
The next two seasons saw the same results, narrowly missing out on the Europa Conference League by finishing in 8th and consecutive Copa del Rey Semi final exits although they did finish as Supercopa de Espanã Runners-up in the 2021–22 season, defeating Atlético Madrid and losing to Real Madrid.In the 2023–24 season however, saw Athletic Bilbao end their 40-year Copa del Rey drought by winning the2023-24 Copa del Rey againstRCD Mallorca 4–2 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in normal time and extra time.[57]The campaign included some memorable victories, including a 4–2 win against Barcelona at home and a 4–0 aggregate win over Atlético Madrid.
Athletic's shield has incorporated the escutcheons of Bilbao and Biscay. From the shield of Bilbao, it takesthe bridge and thechurch of San Anton, and the wolves from the powerfulHaro family, who were lords of Biscay and founders of Bilbao in 1300. From the shield of Biscay, it takes theGernikako Arbola (Guernica's tree) and thecross of Saint Andrew (saltires). Its first documented use dates from 1922.
The first official club crest was a blue circle surrounded by a belt with the letters A and C in the centre in white (as the club colours were at that point).[58] The second was from 1910, consisting of a red-and-white flag (newly adopted as the shirt colours) with a red square in the top left corner, containing the initials of the club in white. The third, from 1913, involved the same flag, but in this case shown on a pole wrapped around a football (this is very similar to theReal Sociedad crest still in use today, ignoring the crown of royal patronage).[58]
The first version of the current crest, roughly an inverted triangular shield shape with a section of red-and-white stripes and a section of local motifs, is from 1922; this was a really simple version which was adapted several times, some of which closely resembled the crest ofAtlético Madrid, originally a branch of the Bilbao club.[58] Finally, in 1941 the first version of the current shield was created, but the name "Atlético Bilbao" was used whenGeneral Francisco Franco outlawed all non-Spanish names during his regime. In 1972, the club added full colour to the design and recovered the original English "Athletic Club" name.[58] In 2008, the shape of the shield was slightly altered and a new "Athletic Club" typeface was introduced.
Historical evolution of the shield
First own shield with intertwined initials (1901–1902)
Shield stylization and chromatic adjustment (1903–1910)
The initials are transferred to a flag with the new colors (1910–1913)
A ball is added to the one that embraces the flag (1913–1922)
The signs of the city and club are collected on a shield (1922)
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined underFIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Snapshot with the first blue and white quartered kit.
First photograph with the new red and white kit (1910).
Athletic began playing in an improvised white kit, but in the 1902–03 season, the club's first official strip became half-blue, half-white shirts similar to those worn byBlackburn Rovers,[64] which were donated by Juan Moser. Later, a young student from Bilbao named Juan Elorduy, who was spending Christmas 1909 in London, was charged by the club to buy 25 new shirts, but was unable to find enough. Waiting for the ship back to Bilbao and empty handed, Elorduy realised that the colours of the local teamSouthampton[65] matched the colours of the City of Bilbao, and bought 50 shirts to take with him. Upon arriving in Bilbao, the club's directors decided almost immediately to change the team's strip to the new colours, and since 1910, Athletic Club have played in red and white stripes. Of the 50 shirts bought by Elorduy, half were then sent toAtlético Madrid, where Elorduy was a committee member and a former player; it had originally begun as a youth branch of Athletic Bilbao.[66][67][68][69][70] Before the switch, only one other team in Spain wore red and white:Sporting de Gijón, since 1905. Change colours have often been blue and/or white, or black. In 2011, Athletic released a green, white and red away kit inspired by theBasque flag (this was worn against Atlético Madrid in the2012 UEFA Europa League final).
Between 2001 and 2009 Athletic also manufactured their own playing kit, under the brand100% Athletic and utilising the small design from their centenary celebrations as a manufacturer's logo.
Athletic were one of the last major clubs which did not have the logo of an official sponsor emblazoned on their kit. In theUEFA Cup and the Copa del Rey of 2004–05, the shirt sported the word "Euskadi" in green with sponsorship from theBasque Government.[71] This policy was changed in 2008, when Athletic made a deal with theBiscay-basedPetronor oil company[72] to wear their logo in exchange for over €2 million. TheKutxabank logo now adorns the front of Athletic's kits.
^The English-based kit manufacturerUmbro took responsibility for supplying the team in 2009, having agreed to a long-term contract which was supposed to expire in 2017.[73] However,Nike sold subsidiary Umbro, the kits were manufactured by Nike from season 2013–14 onwards.
Together with Real Madrid and Barcelona, Athletic is one of only three teams to have contested all editions of La Liga,without ever having been relegated[97]
In the 1929–30 season, finished the league unbeaten over 18 games[97]
Has the record for the biggest win in La Liga (12–1 over Barcelona, 1931)[97]
Has the record for the biggest win in Copa del Rey (12–1 overCelta Vigo, 1947)[97]
TheLezama Facilities is the complex where all of the categories of Athletic train. It was opened in the 1971–72 season, under the presidency of Felix Oráa. At present, facilities include,inter alia, five natural grass fields, a gymnasium, a pediment, a medical center and a residence for young players. Lezama has undergone remodeling since 1995 under the presidency of José María Arrate with the construction of new roads and parking entry and exit able to absorb the large number of vehicles that come every day, and a platform cover bringing greater convenience to fans attending the matches of the youth teams and other youth football teams.
These facilities are located in the municipality ofLezama, approximately 13 km fromBilbao.
The Board has given the green light to the so-called "Lezama Master Plan"[when?], which was founded with the purpose of modernizing the structures of both the youth teams and first team. The "Plan" is the result of a rigorous study of the basic needs for the future of the Athletic Club. The work will take place over the course of two to three years and its budget is around €12 million. The club is committed to consolidate its cantera structure, which is the basis for the future of the club and in this regard Lezama will be expanded to classrooms for youth work in the lower categories and create an audiovisual department.
Athletic Club's main historical rival isReal Sociedad, a neighboring club against which it plays the classic Basque derby.[99] Both teams have maintained a great rivalry since their beginnings, and although Athletic had a notably superior trajectory for many decades, since the 1980s the differences between both clubs have equalized significantly and, at the same time, the rivalry has increased.[100][101]
^The number ofCopa del Rey wins Athletic Club have been credited with is disputed. The1902 Copa de la Coronación was won byClub Bizcaya, a team made up of players fromAthletic Club andBilbao FC. In 1903 these two clubs merged asAthletic Club and took part in the first official Copa del Rey in1903. The 1902 trophy is on display in the Athletic museum[6] and the club includes it in its own honours list for a total of 25 Copas; however, theLFP andRFEF official statistics do not regard this as an official edition of the Copa del Rey won by Athletic.[7][8]
^The number ofCopa del Rey wins Athletic Bilbao have been credited with is disputed. The1902 Copa de la Coronación was won byClub Bizcaya, a team made up of players fromAthletic Bilbao andBilbao FC. In 1903 these two clubs merged asAthletic Bilbao and took part in the first official Copa del Rey in1903. The 1902 trophy is on display in the Athletic museum[76] and the club includes it in its own honours list. However theLFP andRFEF official statistics do not regard this as an official edition of the Copa del Rey won by Athletic.[77]
^"La Copa de la discordia" [The Cup of Discord].El Mundo (in Spanish). 24 May 2012.Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved14 January 2024.
^ab"La campa de Lamiaco" [The Lamiako field] (in Spanish).CIHEFE. 17 October 2017.Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved22 January 2024.
^"118 años de la primera rivalidad" [118 years since the first rivalry].www.aupaathletic.com (in Spanish). 7 November 2019.Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved22 January 2024.
^"Los discípulos de Pichichi" [Pichichi's disciples].El Correo (in Spanish). 9 October 2015.Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved23 September 2017.
^abcdEdgerton, Paul. (2009).William Garbutt. The father of Italian football.Cheltenham, England: Sportsbooks Ltd. pp. 117–124.ISBN978-1899807826.
^González Oliver, Javier (12 December 2006)."Zarra, Telmo. Calle".Bilbaopedia (in Spanish). Retrieved17 September 2018.
^"Blackburn Rovers".Historical Football Kits.Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved10 October 2018.
^"Southampton".Historical Football Kits.Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved10 October 2018.
^"Manuel Garnica, the "Saint" who scored a goal with Athletic" [Manuel Garnica, el "Santo" que metió un gol con el Athletic].Memorias del Fútbol Vasco (Memories of Basque Football) (in Spanish). 30 March 2014.Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved10 October 2018.
^"Athletic de Madrid 1910-11".Equipos de Fútbol (Football Teams) (in Spanish). 13 July 2016.Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved10 October 2018.
^Agiriano, Jon (6 January 2010)."Los Colores del Siglo" [The colours of the century].El Correo (in Spanish).Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved28 February 2011.
^abcdefg"Camisetas inglesas" [English jerseys](PDF) (in Spanish). 5 December 2010. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 5 December 2010. Retrieved20 January 2018.
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