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Astley Cooper Key

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Royal Navy Admiral (1821–1888)

Admiral Sir Astley Cooper Key GCB ADC FRS
Sir Astley Cooper Key
Born	(1821-01-18)18 January 1821 London, England
Died	3 March 1888(1888-03-03) (aged 67) Maidenhead,Berkshire, England
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1833–1886
Rank	Admiral
Commands	First Naval Lord North America and West Indies Station Royal Naval College, Greenwich HMS Sans Pareil HMS Amphion HMS Bulldog HMS Admiralty
Battles / wars	Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata Crimean War Second Opium War
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

AdmiralSir Astley Cooper Key,GCB, ADC, FRS (18 January 1821 – 3 March 1888) was aRoyal Navy officer. As a junior officer he saw action at theBattle of Vuelta de Obligado in November 1845 during theAnglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata and took part at theBattle of Bomarsund in August 1854 and theBombardment of Sveaborg in August 1855 during theCrimean War. He also went ashore with thenaval brigade to take part in theBattle of Canton in December 1857 during theSecond Opium War. He later commanded a specially-formed Baltic Fleet created in February 1878 to intimidate Russia from enteringConstantinople during the closing stages of theRusso-Turkish War. He becameFirst Naval Lord in August 1879 in which role he was primarily interested in administration and technology rather than strategy: he kept the cost of running the Navy within budgets, sanctioned the construction of sixAdmiral-class battleships and ensured the Navy was properly prepared for thePanjdeh Incident in 1885 whenRussian forces seizedAfghan territory atPanjdeh.

Early career

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As a junior officer Astley Key was present at theBombardment of Sveaborg in August 1855

Astley Cooper Key was the son ofCharles Aston Key, a well-known surgeon, and Anne Key (née Cooper). His father was a pupil of the pioneering surgeonAstley Cooper.^[1] Key joined theRoyal Navy in August 1833.^[2] After initial training at theRoyal Navy College atPortsmouth, he spent his early career in thethird-rate HMS Russell in theMediterranean Fleet and then, from 1839, in thesixth-rate HMS Cleopatra on theNorth America and West Indies Station.^[3]

Promoted tolieutenant on 22 December 1842, Key was posted to thefifth-rate HMS Curacoa on theSouth America Station.^[4] In February 1844 he transferred to thesteam frigate HMSGorgon and was in acting command of theschooner HMSFanny at theBattle of Vuelta de Obligado in November 1845 during theAnglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata.^[4] Promoted tocommander on 18 November 1845,^[5] he was given command of the paddlesloop HMS Bulldog in the Mediterranean Fleet in May 1847.^[4] Promoted tocaptain on 11 October 1850, he then took command of thesteam frigate HMS Amphion in November 1853 and saw service in theCrimean War.^[4] In May 1854, HMSAmphion and the steam screw frigateHMS Conflict captured the town ofLiepāja, a town of some 10,000 inhabitants, inLatvia without a shot being fired.^[6] He also took part at theBattle of Bomarsund in August 1854 and theBombardment of Sveaborg in August 1855.^[4] He was appointed aCompanion of the Order of the Bath on 5 July 1855.^[7]

Key took command of thesecond-rate HMS Sans Pareil on theEast Indies and China Station in January 1856 and went ashore with thenaval brigade to take part in theBattle of Canton in December 1857 during theSecond Opium War.^[4] He was appointed a member of theRoyal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom in August 1859,^[8] became captain of the steam reserve atDevonport in July 1860 and went on to be captain ofHMS Excellent and superintendent of the Royal Navy College at Portsmouth in July 1863.^[4]

Senior command

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TheRoyal Naval College, Greenwich of which Key was president

Key had a considerable share in advising as to the reorganization of naval administration.^[9] Promoted torear admiral on 20 November 1866,^[10] Key was madeDirector of Naval Ordnance and became an expert onmuzzle-loading guns, this being recognised when he was elected aFellow of the Royal Society on 4 June 1868.^[11] He went on to be Admiral Superintendent ofPortsmouth Dockyard in July 1869 and Admiral Superintendent ofMalta Dockyard in June 1870^[4] and subsequentlysecond-in-command in theMediterranean.^[1]

Key was made President-designate of the proposedRoyal Naval College, Greenwich, which was established by him and which opened the following year.^[4] He was promoted tovice admiral on 30 April 1873^[12] and advanced toKnight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 24 May 1873.^[13] He becameCommander-in-Chief of theNorth America and West Indies Station in December 1875 and was then asked to command a specially-formed Baltic Fleet created in February 1878 to intimidate Russia from enteringConstantinople during the closing stages of theRusso-Turkish War.^[4] Promoted to fulladmiral on 21 March 1878,^[14] he was appointedFirst and Principal Naval Aides-de-Camp tothe Queen on 15 June 1879.^[4]

Key becameFirst Naval Lord in August 1879 and advanced toKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 24 November 1882.^[15] As First Sea Lord he was primarily interested in administration and technology rather than strategy: he kept the cost of running the Navy within budgets, sanctioned the construction of sixAdmiral-class battleships and ensured the Navy was properly prepared for thePanjdeh Incident in 1885 whenRussian forces seizedAfghan territory atPanjdeh.^[2] Having been made a member of thePrivy Council on 11 August 1884,^[16] he retired in June 1885 and died at his home, Laggan House, inMaidenhead on 3 March 1888.^[2]

Family

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On 28 April 1856 at Gonville,Jersey, Key married Charlotte Lavinia McNeil,^[17] daughter of Edmund and Rose McNeil. Astley and Charlotte's daughter was artist and authorRose Champion de Crespigny.^[18] Lady Charlotte died on 30 December 1874.^[18]

In October 1877 at Halifax, Key married, secondly, Evelyn Bartolucci, niece of the Governor of Bermuda, Major GeneralJohn Lefroy, the daughter of Vincenzo Bartolucci of Rome, and the granddaughter of General Luigi Bartolucci.^[19]

References

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^^a ^bChisholm 1911.
^^a ^b ^cLambert, Andrew. "Key, Sir Astley Cooper (1821–1888)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15494. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
^"St Luke's Forgotten Admiral"(PDF). St Luke’s Church, Maidenhead. Summer 2011. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 14 August 2014. Retrieved28 December 2012.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k"William Loney RN". Retrieved28 December 2012.
^"No. 20581".The London Gazette. 6 March 1846. p. 861.
^Napier, Sir Charles (1857)."Chapter VI".The history of the Baltic campaign of 1854. London: Milner and Co.ISBN 978-1402185199. Retrieved28 December 2012.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^"No. 21743".The London Gazette. 10 July 1855. p. 2654.
^"No. 22301".The London Gazette. 26 August 1859. p. 3203.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Key, Sir Astley Cooper".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 767.
^"No. 23187".The London Gazette. 20 November 1866. p. 6158.
^"Lists of Royal Society Fellows". Archived fromthe original on 22 January 2007. Retrieved15 December 2006.
^"No. 23973".The London Gazette. 6 May 1873. p. 2288.
^"No. 23979".The London Gazette. 24 May 1873. p. 2583.
^"No. 24566".The London Gazette. 26 March 1878. p. 2189.
^"No. 25173".The London Gazette. 1 December 1882. p. 6070.
^"No. 25386".The London Gazette. 12 August 1884. p. 3617.
^Colomb, p. 271
^^a ^bMontgomery-Massingberd, p. 899
^Colomb, p. 406

Sources

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Colomb, Vice-Admiral P. H. (1898).Memoirs of Admiral the Right Honourable Sir Astley Cooper Key, G.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S. London: Methuen & Co.
William Loney RN Career History
Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1976).Burke's Irish Family Records. London: Burke's Peerage Limited.ISBN 978-0850110180.

Military offices
Preceded by Edward Fanshawe	Admiral Superintendent, Malta Dockyard 1870–1872	Succeeded by Edward Inglefield
New office	President, Royal Naval College, Greenwich 1873–1875	Succeeded by Sir Edward Fanshawe
Preceded by Sir George Wellesley	Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station 1875–1878	Succeeded by Sir Edward Inglefield
Preceded by Sir George Wellesley	First Naval Lord 1879–1885	Succeeded by Sir Arthur Hood
Honorary titles
Preceded by Sir Henry Keppel	First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp 1879–1886	Succeeded by Sir Geoffrey Hornby

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First Naval Lords (1771–1904)	Augustus Hervey Sir Hugh Palliser Robert Man George Darby Sir Robert Harland Sir Hugh Pigot John Leveson-Gower Lord Hood Sir Charles Middleton James Gambier Sir Thomas Troubridge James Gambier John Markham James Gambier Sir Richard Bickerton William Domett Sir Joseph Yorke Sir Graham Moore Sir William Johnstone Hope Sir George Cockburn Sir Thomas Hardy The Hon. George Dundas Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir William Parker Sir Charles Adam Sir James Dundas The Hon. Maurice Berkeley Hyde Parker The Hon. Maurice Berkeley The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas William Martin The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas The Hon. Sir Frederick Grey Sir Alexander Milne Sir Sydney Dacres Sir Alexander Milne Sir Hastings Yelverton Sir George Wellesley Sir Astley Key Sir Arthur Hood Lord John Hay Sir Arthur Hood Sir Richard Hamilton Sir Anthony Hoskins Sir Frederick Richards Lord Walter Kerr
First Sea Lords (1904–present)	Sir John Fisher Sir Arthur Wilson Sir Francis Bridgeman Prince Louis of Battenberg The Lord Fisher Sir Henry Jackson Sir John Jellicoe Sir Rosslyn Wemyss The Earl Beatty Sir Charles Madden, Bt Sir Frederick Field The Lord Chatfield Sir Roger Backhouse Sir Dudley Pound The Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope Sir John Cunningham The Lord Fraser of North Cape Sir Rhoderick McGrigor The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Sir Charles Lambe Sir Caspar John Sir David Luce Sir Varyl Begg Sir Michael Le Fanu Sir Peter Hill-Norton Sir Michael Pollock Sir Edward Ashmore Sir Terence Lewin Sir Henry Leach Sir John Fieldhouse Sir William Staveley Sir Julian Oswald Sir Benjamin Bathurst Sir Jock Slater Sir Michael Boyce Sir Nigel Essenhigh Sir Alan West Sir Jonathon Band Sir Mark Stanhope Sir George Zambellas Sir Philip Jones Sir Antony Radakin Sir Ben Key Sir Gwyn Jenkins

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