Assam silk denotes the three major types of indigenouswild silks produced inAssam—goldenmuga, whitepat and warmeri silk. The Assam silk industry, now centered inSualkuchi, is a labor-intensive industry.[1][2]
Assam was well known for the production of high quality silk since ancient times. The craft of weaving goes along with the production of silk. It grew to such sophistication in Assam that it was known all overIndia and abroad. In theKishkindha Kanda ofRamayana, it is stated that one travelling towards the east has to first pass throughMagadha,Anga,Pundra and then theKosha-karanam-bhumi ("the country of cocoon rearers").[3][4][5]Kautilya'sArthashastra, a political literature of the 3rd century BC, makes references to the highly sophisticated silk clothing from Assam. Kautilya mentions the production ofSuvarnakudyaka (fromKamrupa) along withVangika (fromVanga/southern Bengal),Magadhika (fromMagadha) andPaundrika (fromPundra/northern Bengal), of which Suvarnakudyaka, Magadhika and Paundrika fabrics were types ofKauseya (Tussar/Muga) andCina-patta (Mulberry silk).[6] The fact that Kamrupa produced Suvarnakudyaka is confirmed by the 8th-century writerKumārila Bhaṭṭa who, in his commentary of Arthashatra, said that Kamrupa was Suvarnakudya(Kamarupeschaiva Suvarna Kudyah).[7] As per the Arthashatra, the fibres of Suvarnakudyaka were of 'the colour of butter', 'as red as the sun', and of the best quality.[8] Due to this description of colour, the type of silk can be easily identified as Muga. The text also refers to four trees (Vakula,Likucha,Vata andNaga-vriksa) which the silkworms feed on. Out of these,Vakula andNaga-vriksa[9] belong to the genusEricales andMagnolia which the Muga silkwormAntheraea assamensis is known to feed on; whileLikucha (Artocarpus lakucha) andVata belong to the genusMoraceae(Mulberry) which thePat Silkworm feeds on. This is further confirmed from the 9th century thesaurusAmara-kosha which mentions that the worms of the fibrePatrorna (a form of white silk), fed on the leaves ofVata,Lakucha, etc.[10] The Arthashastra also states that the fibre was spun while the threads were wet, indicating that the production method was still the same at that period.[11] The ancient textKalika Purana(dated between 10th-11th century) well records the use of silk in the worship of deities in ancient Kamrupa. As per the text, while worshipping the deities at theDikkarvasini pitha(also known asTamreswari ofSadiya), red, yellow and whiteKauseya(meaning wild silk, probably Muga) were used to drap the idols of the presiding deities of the temple.[12][13][14] It is known that Muga, in olden times, was available in yellow(natural), white(Mejankari muga) and often dyed red with lac.[15]
The knowledge of sericulture probably arrived with theTibeto-Burman groups which arrived fromChina around the period of 3000-2000 BC. Moreover, there was another trade of Silk through the Southwestern Silk road which started from China, passed through Burma and Assam, finally getting connected to the main silk road in Turkmenistan. There are various other records to show that silk came to India through Assam. As per theSanskrit textHarshacharita (biography of North Indian rulerHarshavardhan written by the court poetBanabhatta in the 7th century), during the coronation ceremony of King Harshavardhan, kingBhaskarvarman of Kamrupa gifted many precious items to the North Indian king. Out of this the most important ones include the precious fabrics and jewels. These included an umbrella wrapped by adukula cloth, sacks ofpatta-sutra cloth as well asksoma fabrics which were as pure as the autumn moon's light (sharada chandrama shaucha ksamani). These fabrics could either be silk[16] or linen. It is also mentioned in the text that the loin fibres were so even and polished that it resembledBhoj-patra, which could indicate silk as well.[17] There are also references of Assam silk in the records written byHuen Sang where he has written the use and trade of silk inKamrupa during the rule of king Bhaskar Varman. Ram Mohan Nath in his bookThe Background of Assamese Culture states that it would be "clear that in ancient times traders from different parts ofTibet,Central Asia and China flocked to Assam through various routes, and as they traded mostly in silk, they were generally called Seres – Cirrahadoi – Syrities – Cirata – Kirata. The word Kirata therefore, is a general term referring to the people of the Mongoloid origin and it refers specially to the Bodos."[18] These Bodos referred by Nath are today known asKacharis which includes groups such asBoros,Deori,Dimasas,Chutias,Rabhas,Sonowal,Garo andKoch. J. Geoghegan in his bookSilk in India states that: "Whatever may be the date of the introduction of the worm, its geographical distribution at present day, and the fact species first introduced was a multivoltine, seem to me to lead to the conclusion that the insect was first introduced into India from the north-east."[19]
Genetic research on silkworms show that Assam silk originated in two specific regions of Assam. One wasGaro Hills in the ancientKamrupa kingdom and the other wasDhakuakhana in the ancientChutia kingdom.
Muga silk is the product of the silkwormAntheraea assamensis endemic to Assam. Thelarvae of these moths feed on som (Machilus bombycina) and sualu (Litsaea polyantha) leaves. The silk produced is known for its glossy, fine texture and durability. It was previously reported that muga silk cannot be dyed or bleached due to "low porosity", but this is incorrect; muga takes dye like any other silk. This silk can be hand washed with its lustre increasing after every wash. Very often the silk outlives its owner.
In 2015, Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju's research team atCentre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India, discovered the complete sequence and the protein structure of muga silk fibroin and published it inNature Scientific Reports[20]
Muga silk has been given the Geographical Indication (GI) status since 2007 and the logo for authentic production has been registered with Assam Science Technology and Environment Council. The Central Silk Board of India has the authority to inspect Muga silk products, certify their authenticity and allow traders to use the GI logo.
Pat silk is produced byBombyx textorsilkworms which feed on mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves. It is usually brilliant white or off-white in colour. Its cloth can dry in shadow.
Eri silk is made bySamia cynthia ricini which feed on leaves ofcastor oil plant (Ricinus communis). It is also known as endi or errandi silk. Because manufacturing process of eri allows the pupae to develop into adults and only the open endedcocoons are used for turning into silk, it is also popularly known as non-violent silk. This silk is soft and warm and is popular as shawls and quilts.[21]
Sualkuchi is a multi-caste town ofKamrup (rural) district of Assam, situated on the north bank of the mightyBrahmaputra at a distance of 30 km west of Guwahati.
Many people in Sualkuchi are weavers. Almost every household has a hand-loom to manufacture traditional Assamese silk.[citation needed]
As per the Census report of 2001, the workforce participation rate in the town was 37.93% of the total populations, of which only 0.53% were cultivators, 1.2% were agricultural labours, 56.37% were engaged in household industries and the remaining 41.90% were engaged in other activities.
There are several lakh throw and fly-shuttle handlooms in Assam, but most of them are domestic weaving a few metres of cloth for the use by the family members. There are also some semi commercial looms producing some metres of fabrics for the market during the off hours of the house-wives. These semi-commercial weavers work either independently or under some so called "Mahajans". Mahajans supply yarn to the poor weavers, who return the woven cloth against wages per piece.
Although silk was cultivated and woven by women all around Assam, the silk clothes of a particular place named Sualkuchi achieved much fame during theKamarupa as well asAhom rule.
Sualkuchi is said to have been established in the 11th Century by KingDharma Pala of thePala dynasty that ruled western Assam from 900 AD to about 1100 AD. Dharma Pala, the story goes, brought 26 weaver families from Tantikuchi inBarpeta to Sualkuchi and created a weavers' village close to modern-day Guwahati.[22] Silk was given royal patronage during that period and Sualkuchi was made an important centre of silk weaving.
The hand-loom industry of Sualkuchi creates cotton textiles, silk textiles, andKhadi cloth. These traditional textiles hold high social and moral value in and outside the state. However, Sualkuchi is best known for its silk textiles, both mulberry and muga silk. Muga, "the golden fibre", is produced only in Assam; it's become known as Assam silk from its association with the region. Such activities are intimately linked with the culture and tradition of the Assamese people since long past.
Having a long tradition of silk weaving at least since the 17th century, Sualkuchi is the centre of the silk hand-loom industry of Assam.[23][24] Originally, Sualkuchi was a "craft village" having several cottage industries until the 1940s, such as hand-loom weaving, traditional oil processing, goldsmithing, and pottery. But since the 1940s, the industries other than hand-loom have almost become extinct, and the artisans have taken up silk weaving. Until 1930, the weaving industry of Sualkuchi remained almost confined within theTanti community of Tantipara. Later, people belonging to other communities gradually took up silk weaving. Now, even the fishermen of the Koibortapara hamlet of Bamun-Sualkuchi and the Brahmin families have also given up their ascriptive caste occupations and have taken up silk weaving as their main source of income.
The weaving industry of Sualkuchi received a big boost during theSecond World War. The growing demand for fabrics and their increasing prices encouraged a few Tanti families to begin weaving commercially. They started weaving factories engaging hired wage weavers.[citation needed] Today, 73.78% of the households in Sualkuchi work in the commercial weaving industry.
Although the hired wage weavers were originally the local poor from Bamun-Sualkuchi and Bhatipara, migrant weavers from different parts of Assam have become dominant in the industry since the 1980s. The census of hand-looms in Sualkuchi, conducted in 2002 reveals that Sualkuchi has 13,752 active commercial hand-looms, and 54.75% of these looms are operated by female weavers who are hired from towns outside of Sualkuchi.
While silk-rearing vanished long time ago, the gani[check spelling] industry perished during the early 20th century as the 'Mudois' of Sualkuchi.
In the 21st century, the local weavers and artisans of Sualkuchi began using digital platforms to promote their products globally.[citation needed]
Assam silk has been recognized by major Indian cultural figures, most notablyMahatma Gandhi and Narayan Chandra Das.
Gandhi visited Sualkuchi on January 9, 1946, to view an exhibition of eri and khadi clothes. Designer Rajen Dek wove an image of Gandhi into a piece of pat cloth, and the exhibition presented it to him. The woven picture was so fine that even the two broken front teeth of Gandhiji with a smiling face were depicted and while seeing the picture the father of the nation remarked that the weavers could weave dreams in their cloth.[citation needed]
"Khat khat khat khatsalare sabade prean mor nite nachuyai" was one of the most popular radio songs composed and sung during the 1950s by the present artist pensioner Narayan Chandra Das Of Sualkuchhi.[citation needed] Actually the 'click-clack click-clack' sound of the loom make the soul of the passerby dance with the rhythmic rattle of the shuttle flying through the sheds of the wrap.
