Asquith Xavier | |
|---|---|
 Xavier on the platform ofEuston railway station on 15 August 1966. | |
| Born | (1920-07-18)18 July 1920 Dominica |
| Died | 18 June 1980(1980-06-18) (aged 59) Chatham, Kent |
| Monuments | Plaque, Euston railway station, London, England |
| Known for | First non-white train guard at Euston railway station, England |
Asquith Camile Xavier (18 July 1920 – 18 June 1980) was aWest Indian-born Briton who ended acolour bar atBritish Railways inLondon by fighting to become the first non-whitetrain guard atEuston railway station in 1966.[1][2][3]Trevor Phillips, when chairman of theCommission for Racial Equality, said in 2006: "Asquith's stand against discrimination brought to light the inadequacy of early race discrimination laws and persistent widespread discrimination faced by ethnic minorities."[4] A plaque at the station commemorates his achievement.[5]
Xavier was born on 18 July 1920 inDominica, which was then a British colony. He was a member of theWindrush generation of British African-Caribbean people who migrated to the United Kingdom after the Second World War to fill vacancies in service industries.[6] He married Agnes Disney St John (1922–2004) in Dominica and they had seven children. He is thought to have worked as a policeman before emigrating with his wife and four of their children, arriving inSouthampton on 16 April 1958. Xavier began work as a carriage cleaner and porter atMarylebone station the following day and was promoted to the position of guard in April 1959.[7]
Xavier joinedBritish Railways. In 1966 he was still working as a guard atMarylebone station in central London. He applied for a promotion and transfer to work at Euston station, but was rejected. A letter from a staff committee at Euston—which was dominated by members of theNational Union of Railwaymen—explained that it was because of his colour. Unions and management had informally agreed in the 1950s to ban non-white people from jobs at Euston involving contact with the public; they could be cleaners and labourers, but not guards or ticket collectors.[8][9]
TheRace Relations Act 1965 had made discrimination on "grounds of colour, race, or ethnic or national origins" unlawful in public places inGreat Britain (but notNorthern Ireland). Xavier could not use this legislation to further his case as it did not cover workplaces.[10]
Xavier persisted. A union official from the Marylebone branch publicised the rejection by writing a letter of protest to the head of the National Union of Railwaymen on his behalf.[11] Twomembers of parliament wrote to thesecretary of state for transport,Barbara Castle,[12] to ask her to direct British Railways to end racial discrimination.
On 15 July 1966 British Railways announced that colour bars at stations in London had been abandoned. Xavier was offered the job with his pay backdated to May, the month when he had been originally rejected.[13] Xavier could not take up the job immediately because he was recovering from hospital treatment for an ulcer. He received hate mail and death threats, and asked for police protection. He started work on 15 August 1966.[14]
Xavier died on 18 June 1980 inChatham,Kent.[15]
Oona King presented aBBC Radio 4 documentary,Asquith's Fight for Equality, about his story in 2016—the fiftieth anniversary of his victory.[2] In the same year,The One Show onBBC One television interviewed Xavier's family and covered the unveiling of the plaque at Euston station that marked his fight.[16]
In September 2020, a second plaque was unveiled inChatham, his home for many years,in the waiting room of the local station.[17]
A biography of Asquith Xavier was included in theOxford Dictionary of National Biography in October 2022.[7]
In October 2023, anAvanti West Coast Pendolino train was named after him, the train nameplate also has a depiction of him working as a guard.[18][19][20]
