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Asparagaceae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Family of plants

Asparagaceae
Asparagus officinalis flowering
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Tracheophytes
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Monocots
Order:Asparagales
Family:Asparagaceae
Juss.[1]
Genera

See text

Synonyms
  • Asparageae

Asparagaceae (/əsˌpærəˈɡsiˌ,-sˌ/), known as theasparagus family, is afamily offlowering plants, placed in theorderAsparagales of themonocots.[1] The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus,Asparagus officinalis. This family includes both common garden plants as well as common houseplants. The garden plants includeasparagus,yucca,bluebell,lily of the valley, andhosta, and the houseplants includesnake plant,corn cane,spider plant, andplumosus fern.

The Asparagaceae is a morphologically heterogenous family with the included species varying widely in their appearance and growth form. It has acosmopolitan distribution, with genera and species contained in the family native to all continents exceptAntarctica.[2][3]

Taxonomy

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Early taxonomy

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The plant family Asparagaceae was first named, described, and published inGenera Plantarum in 1789 by the French botanistAntoine Laurent de Jussieu, who is particularly noted for his work in developing the concept of plant families.[4] From the time of first introduction until the 21st century, the Asparagaceae was a monotypic family containing only the single genus,Asparagus, after which the family was named.[5]

Asparagaceae under the APG II system

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In 2003, the formation of theAPG II plant classification system radically expanded the Asparagaceae to include the genera and species previously contained in seven plant families. In the APG II system, two options were provided as to the circumscription of the family, with Asparagaceaesensu lato (meaningin the wider sense) being the broader circumscription of the family documented in the APG II; or, Asparagaceaesensu stricto (meaningin the strict sense) consisting of onlyAsparagus andHemiphylacus. If opting to use Asparagaceaesensu lato, the paper outlining the APG II system recommended placing the previously recognised family in parentheses after Asparagaceae.[6] The paper also recommended including grouping the families Anemarrhenaceae, Anthericaeae, Behniaceae and Herreriaceae with the Agavaceae, noting that in 2000, the Convallariaceae, Dracaenaceae, Eriospermaceae and Nolinaceae had been grouped together in the Ruscaceae.[6][7]

Asparagaceae under the APG II system[6]
FamilyPreviously recognised families optionally included in APG IINotes
Asparagaceae

(sensu lato)

AgavaceaeIncludes:[6]

AnemarrhenaceaeAnthericaeaeBehniaceaeHerreriaceae

Aphyllanthaceae
Asparagaceae (sensu stricto)
Hyacinthaceae
Laxmanniaceae
RuscaceaeIncludes:[7]

ConvallariaceaeDracaenaceaeEriospermaceaeNolinaceae

Themidaceae

Asparagaceae under the APG III system

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In 2009, botanists proposed a major revision of theAsparagales order of plants, that included a vast expansion of three constituent plant families; theAmaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae andXanthorrhoeaceae, to include large number of genera in former plant families by placing them into subfamilies nested within these three plant families. Under the APG III system, the Asparagaceae contain seven subfamilies, and unlike the APG II system, Asparagaceae was only circumscribed in the broad sense (sensu lato), but the Asparagaceae subfamilyAsparagoideae is roughly equivalent to Asparagaceae (sensu stricto) under the APG II system.[8] Whilst the subfamilies are broadly equivalent to the previous subdivision by families under the APG II system, genera previously included in one previously recognised family may have moved to another subfamily under the APG III system, or even placed into another family outside of the Asparagaceae.[citation needed]

Asparagaceae under the APG III system[8]
FamilySubfamilyPrevious subdivision under the APG II system
AsparagaceaeAgavoideaeAgavaceae
AphyllanthoideaeAphyllanthaceae
AsparagoideaeAsparagaceae (sensu stricto)
ScilloideaeHyacinthaceae
LomandroideaeLaxmanniaceae
Convallarioideae (formerly Nolinoideae[9])Ruscaceae
BrodiaeoideaeThemidaceae

Genera

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As of July 2025, the family Asparagaceae includes 126 genera;[10][11] and these genera contain approximately 3,170 accepted species altogether,[11] although the number of accepted genera and their constituent species varies depending on authority and changes with time. The reference against the subfamily name is to the source which places the genus in that subfamily. (References may use the former subfamily name Nolinoideae rather than Convallarioideae.)

Asparagaceae genera[12]
SubfamilyGenus
Lomandroideae[13]AcanthocarpusLehm.
Agavoideae[14]AgaveL.
Scilloideae[15]AlbucaL. (sometimes included inOrnithogalum[15])
Scilloideae[15]Alrawia(Wendelbo) Perss. & Wendelbo
Brodiaeoideae[14]AndrostephiumTorr.
Agavoideae[14]AnemarrhenaBunge
Agavoideae[14]AnthericumL.
Aphyllanthoideae[14]AphyllanthesL.
Lomandroideae[14]ArthropodiumR.Br.
Asparagoideae[14]AsparagusTourn. ex L.
Convallarioideae[14]AspidistraKer Gawl. (includingAntherolophusGagnep.,ColaniaGagnep.)
ScilloideaeAutonoe(Webb & Berthel.) Speta
Scilloideae[15]BarnardiaLindl.
Convallarioideae[15]BeaucarneaLem. (includingCalibanusRose.)
Agavoideae[14]BehniaDidr.
BrodiaeoideaeBehriaGreene
Scilloideae[15]BellevaliaLapeyr. (includingStrangwejaBertol.)
Agavoideae[14]BeschorneriaKunth
Brodiaeoideae[14]BesseraSchult.f.
Brodiaeoideae[14]BloomeriaKellogg
Scilloideae[15]BowieaHarv. ex Hook.f. (Climbing Onion, Sea Onion)
Scilloideae[15]BrimeuraSalisb.
Brodiaeoideae[14]BrodiaeaSm.
Agavoideae[14]CamassiaLindl.
Lomandroideae[15]ChamaexerosBenth.
Agavoideae[14]Chlorogalum(Lindl.) Kunth
Agavoideae[14]ChlorophytumKer Gawl.
AgavoideaeClaraKunth
Convallarioideae[14]ComospermumRauschert
Convallarioideae[14]ConvallariaL.
Lomandroideae[14]CordylineComm. ex R.Br. (includingCohniaKunth)
Convallarioideae[14]DanaeMedik.
Brodiaeoideae[14]DandyaH.E.Moore
Convallarioideae[13]DasylirionZucc.
Scilloideae[15]DaubenyaLindl. (includingAmphisiphonW.F.Barker,AndrosiphonSchltr.)
Agavoideae[15]DiamenaRavenna
Brodiaeoideae[14]DichelostemmaKunth (includingBrevoortia,Stropholirion)
Lomandroideae[15]DichopogonKunth (may be included inArthropodium)
Agavoideae[15]DioraRavenna
Scilloideae[15]DipcadiMedik. (sometimes included inOrnithogalum[15])
Brodiaeoideae[15]DipterostemonRydb.
Convallarioideae[15]DisporopsisHance
Agavoideae[15]DiurantheraHemsl.
Convallarioideae[14]DracaenaVand. ex L. (includingSansevieriaThunb)[16][17][18]
Scilloideae[15]DrimiaJacq. (includingLitanthusHarv.,RhadamanthusSalisb.,RhodocodonBaker,SchizobasisBaker,SypharissaSalisb.,TenicroaRaf.,ThuranthosC.H.Wright,UrgineaSteinh.,UrgineopsisCompton)
Scilloideae[15]DrimiopsisLindl. & Paxton (sometimes included inLedebouria[15])
Agavoideae[14]EcheandiaOrtega
Agavoideae[14]EchinoagaveA.Vázquez, Rosales & García-Mor.
Agavoideae[13]EremocrinumM.E.Jones
Convallarioideae[14]EriospermumJacq.
Scilloideae[15]EucomisL'Hér.
Lomandroideae[14]EustrephusR.Br.
ScilloideaeFessiaSpeta
Agavoideae[13]FurcraeaVent.
Scilloideae[15]GaltoniaDecne. (included inOrnithogalumL. by Plants of the World Online and other sources)
Agavoideae[15]HagenbachiaNees & Mart.
Agavoideae[14]HastingsiaS.Watson
Asparagoideae[14]HemiphylacusS.Watson
Agavoideae[14]HerreriaRuiz & Pav.
Agavoideae[14]HerreriopsisH.Perrier
Agavoideae[15]HesperaloeEngelm. in S.Watson
Agavoideae[14]HesperocallisA.Gray
Agavoideae[15]Hesperoyucca(Engelm.) Trel. (included inYucca by some sources)
Convallarioideae[15]HeteropolygonatumM.N.Tamura & Ogisu
AgavoideaeHooveriaD.W.Taylor & D.J.Keil
Agavoideae[14]HostaTratt.
Scilloideae[15]HyacinthellaSchur
Scilloideae[15]HyacinthoidesHeist. ex Fabr. (includingEndymionDumort.)
Scilloideae[15]HyacinthusTourn. ex L.
BrodiaeoideaeJaimehintoniaB.L.Turner
Scilloideae[15]LachenaliaJacq. ex Murray (includingBrachyscyphaBaker,PeriboeaKunth,PolyxenaKunth)
Lomandroideae[14]LaxmanniaR.Br. (includingBartlingiaF. Mueller)
Scilloideae[15]LedebouriaRoth (includingResnovavan der Merwe[15])
Scilloideae[15]LeopoldiaParl. (included inMuscariMill. by Plants of the World Online,[19] may be treated asMuscari subg.Leopoldia[20])
Agavoideae[14]LeucocrinumNutt. ex A.Gray
Convallarioideae[13]LiriopeLour.
Lomandroideae[14]LomandraLabill. (includingXerotesR. Brown)
Convallarioideae[14]MaianthemumF.H.Wigg. (includingOligobotryaBaker,SmilacinaDesf.)
Agavoideae[13]ManfredaSalisb. (included inAgave by some sources)
Scilloideae[15]MassoniaThunb. ex Houtt. (includingNeobakeriaSchltr.,WhiteheadiaHarv.)
Scilloideae[15]MerwillaSpeta
Brodiaeoideae[14]MillaCav. (includingDiphalangium)
Brodiaeoideae[14]MuillaS.Watson ex Benth.
Scilloideae[15]MuscariMill. (includingBotryanthusKunth, andPseudomuscariGarbari & Greuter)
ScilloideaeMuscarimiaKostel. ex Losinsk.
ScilloideaeNamophilaU.Müll.-Doblies & D.Müll.-Doblies
Convallarioideae[14]NolinaMichx.
ScilloideaeOccultiaStedje & Rulkens
Convallarioideae[14]OphiopogonKer Gawl.
Scilloideae[15]OrnithogalumL. (includingBattandieraMaire, Elsiea F.M.Leight.,NeopatersoniaSchonl.)
Scilloideae[15]OziroeRaf. (includingFortunatiaJ.F.Macbr.)
Agavoideae[14]PaleoagaveA.Vázquez, Rosales & García-Mor.
Agavoideae[14]ParaagaveA.Vázquez, Rosales & García-Mor.
Agavoideae[14]ParadiseaMazzuc.
Convallarioideae[14]PeliosanthesAndrews
Brodiaeoideae[14]PetronympheH.E.Moore
Agavoideae[13]PolianthesL. (included inAgave by some sources)
Convallarioideae[14]PolygonatumMill.
Agavoideae[15]ProchnyanthesS.Watson
Scilloideae[15]ProsperoSalisb.
Scilloideae[15]Pseudogaltonia(Kuntze) Engl. (sometimes included inOrnithogalum[15])
ScilloideaePseudolachenaliaG.D.Duncan
Scilloideae[15]PseudoprosperoSpeta
Scilloideae[15]PuschkiniaAdams
Convallarioideae[15]ReineckeaKunth
ScilloideaeResnovavan der Merwe
Convallarioideae[15]RohdeaRoth (includingCampylandraBaker andGonioscyphaBaker)
Lomandroideae[15]RomnaldaP.F.Stevens
Convallarioideae[14]RuscusL.
Scilloideae[15]Schizocarphusvan der Merwe
Agavoideae[14]SchoenolirionDurand
Scilloideae[15]ScillaL. (includingChionodoxaBoiss.)
Convallarioideae[14]SemeleKunth
Lomandroideae[15]SowerbaeaSm.
Convallarioideae[14]SpeiranthaBaker
Scilloideae[15]SpetaeaWetschnig & Pfosser
Convallarioideae[15]TheropogonMaxim.
Lomandroideae[14]ThysanotusR.Br. (includingMurchisoniaBrittan)
Lomandroideae[15]TrichopetalumLindl. (includingBottinaeaColla)
AgavoideaeTrihesperusHerb.
Brodiaeoideae[14]TriteleiaDouglas ex Lindl. (includingHesperoscordium,Themis)
Brodiaeoideae[14]TriteleiopsisHoover
Convallarioideae[14]TupistraKer Gawl. (includingTricalistraRidl.)
Scilloideae[15]VeltheimiaGled.
Lomandroideae[14]XerolirionA.S.George
Brodiaeoideae[14]XochiquetzalliaJ.Gut
Agavoideae[14]YuccaL. (includingSamuelaTrel.)
ScilloideaeZagrosiaSpeta

Obsolete genera or species formerly included in the Asparagaceae

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Calibanus was a former genus that was placed in the Asparagaceae (Convallarioideae subfamily) when the APG III system was introduced.[21] Both members of the genus have since been transferred to the genusBeaucarnea (also a member of the Asparagaceae (Convallarioideae subfamily)) after molecular phylogenetic research demonstrated a strong phylogenetic relationship with species ofBeaucarnea.[22][23]

Sansevieria was a long recognised genus belonging to the Convallarioideae subfamily but on the basis ofmolecular phylogenetic studies,[24][25][17] the species formerly including as belonging to the genus have been transferred to the genusDracaena (also included in the Noliniodeae subfamily).[16][17][18]

References

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  1. ^abAngiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,161 (2):105–121,doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x,hdl:10654/18083
  2. ^Bramley, Gemma; Trias-Blasi, Anna; Wilford, Richard (2023).The Kew temperate plant families identification handbook. Kew, United Kingdom: Kew publishing, Royal botanic gardens.ISBN 978-1-84246-772-5.
  3. ^"Asparagaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".Plants of the World Online. Retrieved2024-11-29.
  4. ^Asparagaceae Juss., Gen. Pl. [Jussieu] 40 (1789), nom. cons. International Plant Name Index, IPNI.org
  5. ^Kubitzki, K.; Rudall, P. J. (1998), Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.),"Asparagaceae",Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 125–129,doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_15,ISBN 978-3-662-03533-7, retrieved2024-11-29{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  6. ^abcd"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II"(PDF).Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.141 (4):399–436. April 2003.doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.ISSN 0024-4074.
  7. ^abRudall, PAULA J.; Conran, JOHN G.; Chase, MARK W. (2000-09-01)."Systematics of Ruscaceae/Convallariaceae: a combined morphological and molecular investigation".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.134 (1):73–92.doi:10.1006/bojl.2000.0365.ISSN 0024-4074.
  8. ^abChase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L.; Fay, Michael F. (October 2009)."A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae".Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.161 (2):132–136.doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x.ISSN 0024-4074.
  9. ^Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)."7. Convallarioideae Herbert".Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
  10. ^"Asparagaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".Plants of the World Online. Retrieved17 July 2025.
  11. ^ab"Family Asparagaceae; WFO Plant List | World Flora Online".wfoplantlist.org. Retrieved2024-11-29.
  12. ^WCSP (2011),World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Board of Trustees of theRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew,archived from the original on March 5, 2012, retrieved2011-05-25
  13. ^abcdefgStevens, P.F.,Angiosperm Phylogeny Website,archived from the original on 2011-06-03, retrieved2011-05-29
  14. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfChase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae",Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,161 (2):132–136,doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
  15. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbc"Query GRIN Taxonomy for Plants".Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved2011-05-30.
  16. ^ab"Sansevieria Thunb. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".Plants of the World Online. Retrieved2024-11-29.
  17. ^abcTakawira-Nyenya, Ratidzayi; Thiede, Joachim; Mucina, Ladislav (2021-11-09)."New nomenclatural and taxonomic adjustments in Dracaena (Asparagaceae)".Phytotaxa.524 (4):293–300.Bibcode:2021Phytx.524..293T.doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.524.4.5.ISSN 1179-3163.
  18. ^abGhoshal, P.P., Chakrabarty, T., Kumar, A. & Dey, S. (2021). Conspectus of the genusDracaena (Asparagaceae) in the Indo-Burmese region.Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 45: 20-32.
  19. ^"Leopoldia Parl".Plants of the World Online.Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved2 September 2025.
  20. ^Böhnert, Tim; Neumann, Michael; Quandt, Dietmar & Weigend, Maximilian (2023). "Phylogeny based generic reclassification ofMuscari sensu lato (Asparagaceae) using plastid and genomic DNA".Taxon.72 (2):261–277.Bibcode:2023Taxon..72..261B.doi:10.1002/tax.12864.
  21. ^Calibanus. Kew Plants of the World Onlinehttps://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:297730-2
  22. ^Molecular phylogenetics and morphology of Beaucarnea (Ruscaceae) as distinct from Nolina, and the submersion of Calibanus into Beaucarnea (2014). Rojas-Piña, V., Olson, M.E., Alvarado-Cárdenas, L.O. & Eguiarte, L.E.. Taxon 63: 1193-1211. [Cited as Beaucarnea.]
  23. ^"Beaucarnea Lem. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science".Plants of the World Online. Retrieved2024-11-29.
  24. ^Stevens, P.F. (2001–2012),Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Convallarioideae
  25. ^Lu, Pei-Luen & Morden, Clifford W. (2014), "Phylogenetic Relationships among Dracaenoid Genera (Asparagaceae: Convallarioideae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Loci",Systematic Botany,39 (1):90–104,doi:10.1600/036364414X678035,S2CID 86171270

Bibliography

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