InNorse mythology,Ask and Embla (Old Norse:Askr ok Embla)—man and woman respectively—were the first two humans, created by the gods. The pair are attested in both thePoetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and theProse Edda, composed in the 13th century. In both sources,three gods, one of whom isOdin, find Ask and Embla and bestow upon them various corporeal and spiritual gifts. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the two figures, and there are occasional references to them in popular culture.
Old Norseaskr literally means "ash tree" but theetymology ofembla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning ofembla are generally proposed. The first meaning, "elm tree", is problematic[clarification needed], and is reached by deriving*Elm-la from*Almilōn and subsequently toalmr ('elm'). The second suggestion is "vine", which is reached through*Ambilō, which may be related to the Greek termἄμπελος (ámpelos), itself meaning "vine,liana".[1] The latter etymology has resulted in a number of theories.
Linguist Gunlög Josefsson claims that the name Embla comes from the rootseim +la which would mean 'firemaker' or 'smokebringer' inflected for either gender. She connects this to the ancient practice of creating fire through afire plough which was considered a magical and holy way of fire making infolk belief inScandinavia long into modern times. She identifies the emergence of fire through the plowing symbolically to the moment of orgasm and hence fertilization and reproduction.[2]
According toBenjamin Thorpe, "Grimm says the word embla, emla, signifies a busy woman, from amr, ambr, aml, ambl, assiduous labour; the same relation asMeshia and Meshiane, theancient Persian names of the first man and woman, who were also formed from trees."[3]
In stanza 17 of thePoetic Edda poemVöluspá, theseeress reciting the poem states thatHœnir,Lóðurr andOdin once found Ask and Embla on land. The seeress says that the two were capable of very little, lacking inørlög and says that they were given three gifts by the three gods:
- Old Norse:
- Ǫnd þau né átto, óð þau né hǫfðo,
- lá né læti né lito góða.
- Ǫnd gaf Óðinn, óð gaf Hœnir,
- lá gaf Lóðurr ok lito góða.[4]
- Benjamin Thorpe translation:
- Spirit they possessed not, sense they had not,
- blood nor motive powers, nor goodly colour.
- Spirit gave Odin, sense gave Hœnir,
- blood gave Lodur, and goodly colour.[5]
- Henry Adams Bellows translation:
- Soul they had not, sense they had not,
- Heat nor motion, nor goodly hue;
- Soul gave Othin, sense gave Hönir,
- Heat gave Lothur and goodly hue.[6]
The meaning of these gifts has been a matter of scholarly disagreement and translations therefore vary.[7]
According to chapter 9 of theProse Edda bookGylfaginning, the three brothersVili, Vé, and Odin, are the creators of the first man and woman. The brothers were once walking along a beach and found two trees there. They took the wood and from it created the first human beings; Ask and Embla. One of the three gave them the breath of life, the second gave them movement and intelligence, and the third gave them shape, speech, hearing and sight. Further, the three gods gave them clothing and names. Ask and Embla go on to become the progenitors of all humanity and were given a home within the walls ofMidgard.[8]
AProto-Indo-European basis has been theorized for the duo based on the etymology ofembla meaning "vine." In Indo-European societies, an analogy is derived from the drilling of fire andsexual intercourse. Vines were used as a flammable wood, where they were placed beneath a drill made of harder wood, resulting in fire. Further evidence of ritual making of fire inScandinavia has been theorized from a depiction on a stone plate on aBronze Age grave in Kivik,Scania,Sweden.[9]
Jaan Puhvel comments that "ancient myths teem with trite 'first couples' similar to the type ofAdam and his by-product Eve. In Indo-European tradition, these range from the Vedic Yama and Yamī and the IranianMašya and Mašyānag to the Icelandic Askr and Embla, with trees or rocks as preferred raw material, anddragon's teeth or other bony substance occasionally thrown in for good measure".[10]
In his study of the comparative evidence for an origin of mankind from trees in Indo-European society, Anders Hultgård observes that "myths of the origin of mankind from trees or wood seem to be particularly connected with ancient Europe and Indo-Europe and Indo-European-speaking peoples of Asia Minor and Iran. By contrast the cultures of the Near East show almost exclusively the type of anthropogonic stories that derive man's origin from clay, earth or blood by means of a divine creation act".[11]
Two wooden figures—theBraak Bog Figures—of "more than human height" were unearthed from apeat bog atBraak inSchleswig,Germany. The figures depict a nude man and a nude woman.Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that these figures may represent a "Lord and Lady" of theVanir, a group of Norse gods, and that "another memory of [these wooden deities] may survive in the tradition of the creation of Ask and Embla, the man and woman who founded the human race, created by the gods from trees on the seashore".[12]
A figure namedÆsc (Old English "ash tree") appears as the son ofHengest in theAnglo-Saxon genealogy for the kings ofKent. This has resulted in a number of theories that the figures may have had an earlier basis in pre-NorseGermanic mythology.[13]
Connections have been proposed between Ask and Embla and theVandal kings Assi and Ambri, attested inPaul the Deacon's 7th century AD workOrigo Gentis Langobardorum. There, the two ask the godGodan (Odin) for victory. The nameAmbri, like Embla, likely derives from*Ambilō.[9]
A stanza preceding the account of the creation of Ask and Embla inVöluspá provides a catalog ofdwarfs, and stanza 10 has been considered as describing the creation of human forms from the earth. This may potentially mean that dwarfs formed humans, and that the three gods gave them life.[14] Carolyne Larrington theorizes that humans are metaphorically designated as trees in Old Norse works (examples include "trees of jewellery" for women and "trees of battle" for men) due to the origin of humankind stemming from trees; Ask and Embla.[15]
Ask and Embla have been the subject of a number of references and artistic depictions.
A sculpture depicting the two, created by Stig Blomberg in 1948, stands inSölvesborg in southern Sweden.
Ask and Embla are depicted on two of the sixteen wooden panels byDagfin Werenskiold onOslo City Hall.[16]
Ask to Embla is the title of a poem, parts of which are quoted, by R. H. Ash, one of the protagonists inA. S. Byatt's novelPossession: A Romance, which won the Booker prize in 1990.
In the video gameFire Emblem Heroes, the two main warring kingdoms are Askr and Embla, which is where the Summoner, the player, finds themselves in, as the kingdom has been at war with the Emblian Empire when the game starts. It is later revealed both kingdoms are named after a pair of Ancient Dragons; with Askr being male and Embla female.
In the videogameValheim, the developers named an armor set after Embla, as stated in theirdevelopment blog entry on November 21, 2023: "we have named this set after one of the two first humans in Norse mythology: Embla".
