| Asian and Pacific theatre | |||||||
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| Part ofWorld War I | |||||||
 The German front line at Qingdao | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
Central Asian Rebels | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
DuringWorld War I, conflict on theAsian continent and theislands of the Pacific included naval battles, theAllied conquest ofGerman colonial possessions in thePacific Ocean andChina, the anti-RussianCentral Asian revolt of 1916 inRussian Turkestan and the Ottoman-supportedKelantan rebellion inBritish Malaya. The most significant military action was the careful and well-executedSiege of Qingdao in China, but smaller actions were also fought atBita Paka andToma inGerman New Guinea.
All otherGerman andAustro-Hungarian possessions in Asia and the Pacific fell without bloodshed. Naval warfare was common; all of thecolonial powers had naval squadrons stationed in theIndian or Pacific oceans. These fleets operated by supporting the invasions of German-held territories and by destroying theEast Asia Squadron of theImperial German Navy.
Qingdao was the most significant German base in the area. It was defended by 3,650 German troops, supported by 100 Chinese colonial troops and Austro-Hungarian soldiers and sailors defending a well-designed fort. Supporting them were a small number of vessels from theImperial German Navy and theAustro-Hungarian Navy.
The Japanese Second Squadron consisted of 5 oldbattleships, 12cruisers, 24destroyers, 4gunboats, 13torpedo boats, a carrier, multiple support vessels, and 26 transports.[1] This included 23,000 soldiers. The British sent two military units to the battle from their garrison atTientsin, numbering 1,500, and the Chinese who were unoccupied by the Germans sent over a few thousand troops on the side of the Allies.
The bombardment of the fort started on 31 October 1914. An assault was made by theImperial Japanese Army on the night of 6 November. The garrison surrendered the next day. Casualties of the battle were 703 on the German side and some 3,600prisoners of war; casualties on the Allied side were 2,066. One Alliedprotected cruiser was also sunk by a German torpedo boat and when defeat was certain, the Germans and Austro-Hungariansscuttled their squadron.
One of the first land offensives in the Pacific theatre was the invasion ofGerman Samoa on 29–30 August 1914 by New Zealand forces. The campaign to take Samoa ended without bloodshed after over 1,000 New Zealanders landed on the German colony, supported by an Australian and French naval squadron.
Also known as theAN&MEF, hastily recruited with 1,000 infantry and 500 navy reserve's as backup were set on a task to contain the Pacific German threat. A mere two weeks of training onPalm Island they departed by boat toRabaul.[2] Australian forces attackedGerman New Guinea in September 1914: 500 Australians encountered 300 Germans and native policemen at theBattle of Bita Paka; the Allies won and the Germans retreated toToma. A company of Australians and a British warshipbesieged the Germans and their colonial subjects, ending with German GovernorEduard Haber's surrender of the entire colony.[3]
Despite Haber's capitulation order, a variety of isolated German units in New Guinea continued to resist after the fall of Toma. These small German forces generally capitulated without bloodshed once confronted by Australian units. On 11 October 1914, the Germanarmed yachtKomet and her 57 crew surrendered after their ship was taken by surprise and boarded at Talasea.[4] In December 1914, a German officer near Angorum attempted to resist the Allied occupation with thirty native police but his force deserted him after they fired on an Australian scouting party and he was subsequently captured.[3] By 1915, the only uncapitulated German force was a small expedition under the command ofHermann Detzner which managed to elude Australian patrols and hold out in the interior of the island until the end of the war, for which he became a figure of some renown.
Micronesia, theMarianas, theCarolines, and theMarshall Islands also fell to Allied forces during the war.
When war was declared on Germany in 1914, the GermanEast Asia Squadron withdrew from its base at Qingdao and attempted to make its way east across the Pacific and back to Germany. After concentrating the majority of its force atPagan Island, the fleet raided several Allied targets as it made its way across the Pacific.
Detached cruisersraided the cable station at Fanning and then rejoined with the squadron. Later the German forces wouldattack Papeete whereAdmiralMaximilian von Spee with his twoarmoured cruisers sank a French gunboat and a freighter before bombarding Papeete's shore batteries.
The next engagement was fought offChile at theBattle of Coronel on 1 November 1914, Admiral Spee commanding the armoured cruisersSMS Gneisenau andSMS Scharnhorst and threelight cruisersSMS Emden,SMS Nürnberg, andSMS Leipzig won the battle by defeating a British squadron against recently appointed Rear AdmirableChristopher Cradock armed with his flagship,HMS Good Hope, and generally inferior ships compared to the German ships which was sent to destroy him, armed with his flagship,HMS Glasgow,HMS Monmouth, andHMS Otranto. Admiral Spee's two armoured and three light cruisers sank two Royal Navy armoured cruisers and forced a British light cruiser andauxiliary cruiser to flee losing both theGood Hope andMonmouth. Over 1,500 British sailors (all hands aboard both cruisers) were killed while only three Germans were wounded. The victory did not last long as the German fleet was soon defeated in Atlantic waters at theBattle of the Falklands in December 1914. Spee himself went down with his own flagshipScharnhorst.[5]
The only German vessels to escape the Falklands engagement was the light cruiserSMS Dresden and the auxiliarySeydlitz.Seydlitz fled into the Atlantic before being interned by neutral Argentina, whileDresden turned about and steamed back into the Pacific. TheDresden then attempted to act as acommerce raider, without much success, until March 1915 when its engines began to break down. Without means of getting repairs, the German light cruiser sailed into neutral Chilean waters at the island ofMas a Tierra where it was cornered by British naval forces. After a shortbattle in which four of her crew were killed, theDresden was forced to scuttle and her crew was interned by Chilean authorities.
SMSEmden was left behind by Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee when he began his retreat across the Pacific. The ship won theBattle of Penang, in which the Germans sank a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer.Emden also harried merchant vessels of the Allies and destroyed over thirty of them. She went on andbombardedMadras, India, causing damage to British oil tanks and sinking an Allied merchant ship. The attack caused widespread panic in the city and thousands of people fled from the coast, fearing that the Germans may have begun an invasion of India as a whole.
After a very successful career as a merchant raider,Emden was engaged byHMAS Sydney at theBattle of Cocos, where the German vessel was destroyed. A group of sailors under the command ofHellmuth von Mücke managed to escape towards the Arabian peninsula which was then part of theOttoman Empire, an ally of the German Empire during World War I.
SMS Seeadler, an auxiliary cruiserwindjammer and merchant raider, commanded byFelix von Luckner managed successful attacks on Allied shipping in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. During her career she captured sixteen vessels and sank most of them.
In August 1917Seeadler was wrecked at the island ofMopelia inFrench Polynesia so the Germans established a small colony on the island which housed them and several Allied prisoners, most of whom were American. Eventually when starvation proved to be an urgent concern, Luckner and his crew left the prisoners on the uninhabited island, from which they were eventually rescued, and set sail in a lifeboat forFiji. There, on 5 September, Luckner captured a Frenchschooner namedLutece and renamed herFortuna.
After that they headed forEaster Island and again their ship was wrecked when it grounded on a reef. Subsequently, the Germans were interned by the Chileans on 5 October 1917, which ended the journey. During the entire cruise only one man perished, due to an accident.
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The United States was involved in at least one hostile encounter with Germans in the Pacific during World War I. On 7 April 1917,SMS Cormoran was scuttled inApra Harbor,Guam to prevent her capture by the auxiliary cruiserUSS Supply. The Americans fired their first shots of the war at the Germans as they attempted to sink the ship. Ultimately the Germans succeeded in scuttling theCormoran with a loss of nine men dead.
In June 1916,Tsar Nicholas II adopted a draft of conscripting Central Asian men from the age of 19 to 43 into labor battalions for the service in support of the ongoingBrusilov Offensive.[6] As a result, arevolt broke out on 3 July among the Muslim inhabitants ofRussian Turkestan against the Russian authorities. Russia was forced to divert several thousand soldiers from theEastern Front to suppress the rebellion, which ended in February 1917. Suppression of the rebels was typified by general massacres against the local population. This was followed by the expulsion of the survivingKyrgyz andKazakh from Russian Turkestan toward China; many of the refugees died along the way while attempting to cross theTian Shan mountains. The revolt resulted in around 100,000 to 270,000 dead among the Kyrgyz population.[7]
The German government was accused of being behindZhang Xun'smonarchist coup in China to preventDuan Qirui's pro-war faction from supporting the Allies.[citation needed] After the coup failed in July 1917, Duan used the incident as a pretext for declaring war on Germany.[citation needed] The German and Austro-Hungarianconcessions in Tientsin andHankow were occupied and their nationals detained. China also supplied civilian laborers to the Allies for mainly non-combat and auxiliary roles on theWestern Front.
On 22 July 1917, Siam declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. Twelve German vessels docked in Siamese ports were immediately seized. The crews and other Central Power nationals were detained and sent to India to join their fellow citizens in British India's existing civilian internment camps. Being the only Southeast Asian country to maintain independence throughout the colonial period, Siam was the only state in the region to enter the conflict entirely of its own free will, as an equal of the European powers rather than as part of their imperial contingents. The Siamese and the Vietnamese were also the only two Southeast Asian nations to fight in the war.[8] Siam sentSiamese Expeditionary Forces to mainland Europe, and participate in theParis Peace Conference to become a founding member of theLeague of Nations, overall increasing its international standing and modernizing both their army and its understanding of war in the modern age.[9]
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