Asian Australians

Total population
17.4% of the Australian population (2021 census)[1][A] Chinese Australians:1,390,637 Indian Australians:783,958 Filipino Australians:408,836 Vietnamese Australians:334,781 Sri Lankan/Sinhalese Australians:153,267 Nepalese Australians:138,463 Korean Australians:136,896 Pakistani Australians:97,593 Thai Australians:91,942 Indonesian Australians:87,705 Japanese Australians:78,049 Malaysian Australians:61,308 Cambodian Australians:57,096 Afghan Australians:54,534
Regions with significant populations
Sydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,Perth,Adelaide,Gold Coast,Canberra,Hobart andDarwin Australian towns and regions: NotablyBroome,Cairns and theTorres Strait Islands[B] External territories of Australia: Christmas Island andCocos Islands(More than 90 percent of the total populations of the two territories)[C]
Languages
Australian English · Asian languages
Religion
Buddhism · Christianity · Hinduism · Sikhism · Islam · East Asian religions · Indian religions · other religions

Asian Australians areAustralians ofAsian ancestry, includingnaturalised Australians who areimmigrants from various regions inAsia and descendants of such immigrants. At the2021 census, the proportion of the population identifying as Asian amounted to 17.4 percent with breakdowns of 6.5 percent fromSouthern andCentral Asia, 6.4 percent fromNorth-East Asia, and 4.5 percent fromSouth-East Asia.^[1][2]

The termAsian Australian was first coined in the 1950s byEuropean Australians who sought to strengthen diplomatic and trade ties withAsia. However, the term was not originally used to describe or recognise the experiences of people of Asian descent living in Australia. It was not until the late 1980s and 1990s that the term was adopted and used by Asian Australians themselves to discuss issues related toracial vilification anddiscrimination. Today, the term is widely accepted and used to refer to people of Asian descent who are citizens or residents of Australia, although its usage and meaning may vary within the Asian Australian community.^[8]

In colloquial speech, the termAsian orAsian Australian often refers to only people of East Asian (including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian) and Southeast Asian (including Filipinos, Cambodians, Vietnamese, Laotians, Indonesians, Thais, and Singaporeans) descent or origin. Though people of South Asian (including Indians, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) origin may also be included.^[8]

Information relating to theracial composition of the population was collected for the first time at theCensus of 1911. The following were classified as "Asiatic":^[9]

At censuses prior to 1966 the instructions relating torace were insufficient to enable respondents to classify themselves according to the degree of racial mixture. As one report for the1966 Census of Population and Housing details:^[10]

For example, from 1933 to 1961 persons were asked the following question:

"For persons of European race, wherever born, write "European ". For non-Europeans state the race to which they belong, for example, "Aboriginal", "Chinese", "Negro", "Afghan", etc. If the person is half-caste with one parent of European race, write also "H.C.", for example "H.C. Aboriginal", "H. C. Chinese", etc."

At the 1966 Census the instructions were re-designed ... in an endeavour to obtain precise data on racial mixture and also to avoid the opprobrium attaching to the term "half-caste" ...

TheAustralian Bureau of Statistics andAustralian Census no longer collect data on race as a standalone category. Instead, they collect information on distinct ancestries, of which census respondents can select up to two. The ABS has classified certain ancestries into categories for the purposes of aggregating data, including:^[2]

• North-East Asian (includingChinese,Koreans,Japanese, etc.);
• South-East Asian (includingVietnamese,Filipinos,Indonesians, etc.); and
• Southern andCentral Asian (includingIndians,Sri Lankans,Afghans, etc.).

Ancestry is the primary statistical measure of ethnicity or cultural origins in Australia. The different ancestry groups may have distinct histories, cultures, and geographical origins. Therefore, information on Australians with ancestry from Asia can be found in the respective articles for each separate article (e.g.,Chinese Australians,Indian Australians, etc.).

It is important to note that Australians ofMiddle Eastern ancestries are not classified as part of the Asian category under the ABS'sAustralian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG).^[2] Instead, they are separately classified under North African and Middle Eastern. This includes Australians ofArab,Turkish andIranian ancestries. However,Armenians, for example, are classified as Central Asian and therefore part of the Asian category.^[11]

TheVictorian gold rush of the 1850s and 1860s witnessed a significant rise inChinese immigration to Australia. While small numbers of Chinese settlers had arrived as early as 1818, the gold rush triggered a dramatic increase in their presence.^[12] However, existing prejudices and cultural misunderstandings led to conflict between Chinese and European communities, culminating in violent riots atLambing Flat andBuckland.^[13][14] These tensions resulted in the enactment of anti-Chinese legislation by various Australian colonies, foreshadowing the implementation of the discriminatoryWhite Australia policy from 1901 to 1973.^[15]

During the period from the 1860s to 1900, small groups ofcameleers, mostly fromBritish India but also from other countries includingAfghanistan,Egypt,Iran, andTurkey, were shipped in and out of Australia on three-year contracts to service the inland pastoral industry.^[16] These workers, who were commonly referred to as "Afghans" or "Ghans", were responsible for carting goods and transporting wool bales by camel train. Most of the cameleers wereMuslims, with a sizeable minority being Sikhs from thePunjab region. They established camel-breeding stations and rest house outposts, known ascaravanserai, throughout inland Australia, creating a permanent link between the coastal cities and remote cattle and sheep grazing stations. This practice continued until around the 1930s, when the cameleers were largely replaced byautomobiles.^[16]

During the 1870s and 1880s, the trade union movement in Australia raised concerns about the impact of foreign labour particularly from Asia, on the lives of Australian workers. These concerns, fuelled by anxieties about economic competition and cultural differences, led to calls for restrictions on immigration. While some argued that Asian labourers were essential for development in tropical regions, union pressure ultimately led to the introduction of legislation between 1875 and 1888 aimed at curbing Chinese immigration.^[17][18] These policies, though motivated by a mix of economic and social factors, also contributed to the marginalization and exploitation of non-European workers, including Asian and Chinese immigrants, by limiting their access to better wages and working conditions.^[15][14][19]

During WWII, Japanese and Taiwanese (the latter due to the fact that Taiwan was then under Japanese colonial rule) from various locations were interned inTatura andRushworth, two towns inVictoria, due to government policies.^[20] Roughly 600 Taiwanese civilians, including entire families, were held at "Internment Camp No. 4" inRushworth, between January 1942 and March 1946. Most Japanese and Taiwanese were arrested for racist reasons. Some Japanese and Taiwanese people were born in the camp and received birth certificates. During internment, some adults operated businesses and schools in the camp.Filipinos,Koreans,Manchus,New Caledonians,New Hebrideans, and people from various locations were also held at the camp, as well asmixed-JapaneseAboriginal Australians.^[21][22] Schools mainly taughtEnglish,Japanese,Mandarin and Taiwanese languages (Hokkien,Hakka,indigenous Formosan).^[23][24]

After the war, internees were resettled in their country of ethnic origin, with the exception of Japanese Australians. Non-Australian Japanese were repatriated toJapan, whileTaiwanese were repatriated toOccupied Taiwan. Therepatriation caused public outcry due to the poor living conditions on the ship,^[25][26] known as the "Yoizuki Hellship scandal".^[27][28] The government wanted to expel non-citizen Japanese internees, including most Taiwanese. Many believed theTaiwanese should be seen as citizens of theRepublic of China (ROC) and hence allies, not expelled under poor conditions.^[29][30] This debate further inflamed outrage at the treatment of Taiwanese internees, and there was a minor controversy regarding the destination of repatriation for some Taiwanese internees. Despite public pressure, the Australian government ultimately stilldeported the Taiwanese internees.^[31][32][33]

The government began to expand access to citizenship for non-Europeans and increase immigration numbers from non-European countries in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1973, theprime minister implemented a more non-discriminatory immigration policy.^[34]

In 1957, the government allowed access to citizenship for 15-year residents. In 1958, the Migration Act was reformed to allow skilled and professional non-Europeans to immigrate and temporarily reside in the country. During theFraser government, the country experienced the largest intake ofAsian immigrants since the 1850s and 1860s due to an increase inVietnameserefugees after theVietnam War. In 1983, British immigration was lower than Asian immigration for the first time in Australian history. Overall, immigration policy has evolved towards non-discrimination and broadening pathways to citizenship for Asians, following the dismantling of European-only policies.^[34][35]

Asian Australians have been involved in the entertainment industry since the first half of the 19th century.^[36] One notable example is comedianAnh Do, who is ofVietnamese descent. Do has gained widespread recognition for his work as an author, actor, comedian, and painter. His 2011 memoirThe Happiest Refugee has won multiple awards, including the 2011 Australian Book of the Year, Biography of the Year and Newcomer of the Year, as well as the Indie Book of the Year Award 2011, Non-fiction Indie Book of the Year 2011, and it was shortlisted for the 2011NSW Premier's Literary Awards,Community Relations Commission Award. Another prominent Asian Australian artist is, Australian singer and songwriterDami Im. Im rose to fame after winning thefifth season ofThe X Factor Australia in 2013. On 3 March 2016, it was announced Im would representAustralia at theEurovision Song Contest 2016. Her song was "Sound of Silence".

Cook and television presenterPoh Ling Yeow, gained national attention as a contestant forthe first series ofMasterChef Australia. Yeow signed with theAustralian Broadcasting Corporation for a cooking series (Poh's Kitchen) and a two-book publishing deal withABC Books.^[37] The production on the series began in November 2009 in her home town of Adelaide.^[38] The series was aired from 10 February 2010.^[39] Yeow was nominated for theLogie Awards of 2011 in the category of Most Popular New Female Talent.^[40] Yeow has appeared in four films:Human Touch (2004),^[41]Peaches (2004),^[41]Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger (2008)^[42] and theTropfest short filmJackie's Spring Palace (2009).^[43] She is also credited asproduction designer onJackie's Spring Palace.^[44] Aside from her cooking programs, Yeow had substantial roles inRoom 101,Can of Worms,Reality Check. She appeared in the 2013 ABC comedy seriesIt's a Date, along withDave Lawson.

YouTuber, actress, and comedianNatalie Tran, began posting to her YouTube channel in 2006, initially posting responses to other videos she had seen on the site.^[45][46] Her content then consisted ofobservational comedy skits and vlogs, which lampooned everyday situations, in which she played all of the characters and gave monologues throughout.^[47][48][49] By 2009, Tran was the most subscribed-to YouTuber in Australia and the 37th most subscribed-to globally.^[48][47] In 2010, she became the 18th most subscribed-to YouTuber globally.^[50] She became an ambassador for YouTube'sCreators for Change initiative in September 2016.^[51] In December 2017, as part of the program, she releasedWhite Male Asian Female, a 40-minute documentary about negative perceptions of relationships between Asian women and Caucasian men such as her own, on her YouTube channel.^[52] She hosted a video guide segment for the 2019Sydney Film Festival called theLaunch Show, released in May 2019.^[53] From 2010 to 2011, Tran worked as a Sydney correspondent forThe Project's The Whip segment.^[54]The Daily Telegraph called her "one of Australia’s original success stories on YouTube".^[55]

Australian author and journalistBenjamin Law, best known for his booksThe Family Law, a family memoir published in 2010, and theTV series of the same name. The six-part series, loosely adapted from Law's 2010 book of the same name, was written by Law andMarieke Hardy. The program has received critical acclaim from critics. One critic fromDaily Review Australia said "the core challenge is making a captivating comedy series about normal people living normal lives. The Family Law gives it a good crack, and has an amiable quality that many viewers will find endearing."^[56] Another critic fromThe Guardian said "there’s so much detail, warmth and gentle humour to the script, direction and production design that the characters and settings are relatable for anyone who grew up – or is growing up – in Australia." She gave the program 4 out of 5 stars.^[57] In 2018,Sashi Cheliah was the winner of thetenth series ofMasterchef Australia.^[58]

Asian Australians have made significant contributions to the field of journalism in Australia, bringing new perspectives and challenging mainstream media narratives. Notable journalists of Asian heritage includeYalda Hakim, aBBC World News presenter who has contributed toSBS's Dateline program,Benjamin Law, an accomplished writer and journalist known for his insightful commentary on Australian society,Lee Lin Chin, a prominent Australian journalist and television presenter, Iskhandar Razak, an award-winning investigative journalist who has worked for theABC andSBS, andFauziah Ibrahim, a journalist and presenter forABC News who has reported on a wide range of stories across Australia and Asia.

Asian Australians have contributed tosports in Australia through much of the 20th Century. Some of the most notable contributions includeOlympic sports, but also in professional sports, particularly in the post-World War II years. As the Asian Australian population grew in the late 20th century, Asian Australian contributions expanded to more sports. Examples of female Asian Australian athletes includeLisa Sthalekar,Catriona Bisset,Alexandra Huynh,Setyana Mapasa,Priscilla Hon, andCheltzie Lee. Examples of male Asian Australian athletes includeJason Day,Massimo Luongo,Geoff Huegill,Usman Khawaja,Peter Bell, andMartin Lo.

The Australian government collects data on distinct ancestries rather than race at each census, and at the 2021 census, approximately 17.4 percent of the population identified as having Asian ancestry.^[59][1][2]

At the 2021 census the most commonly nominated Asian ancestries were as set out in the following table.^[1] The largest group are Chinese Australians.

Thirty percent of Asian Australians go to university, 20 percent of all Australian doctors are Asian, and 37 percent of Asian Australians participate in some form of organised sport.^{[dubious –discuss][60]}Chinese andIndian Australians, particularly second and third generation immigrants, are present in large numbers inSydney andMelbourne, withChinese Australians constituting Sydney's fourth largest ancestry group.^[60][61]

Members ofminority groups make up about 6 percent of the federalParliament.^[62] BothLabor andGreens voters were more likely to agree that Asian Australians experience discrimination, but more than three-quarters of those who said they would vote for theLiberal/National Coalition also agreed.^[63]

Asian Australians have faced discrimination andracial violence based on their race and ethnicity.^{[64][65][66][67][68]} SomeSikh Australians have experienced discrimination due to their religious garments being mistaken for those worn byArabs orMuslims, particularly after theSeptember 11 attacks.^[69]

TheCOVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in anti-Asian^[70] sentiment in Australia.^{[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]}

There areracial stereotypes that exist towards Asian Australians. Some view Asian Australians as "perpetual foreigners" and not as truly "Australian".^[79]

The term "model minority" refers to aminority group whose members are perceived to have achieved a higher level ofsocio-economic success than the population average.^[80][81][82] In the case of Asian Australians, this stereotype is often applied to groups such asChinese Australians,Indian Australians, andKorean Australians.^[83][84] While it is true that some members of these groups have achieved success in education and income, it is important to note that the model minority stereotype is anoversimplification that ignores the diversity and challenges faced by individuals within these groups.^[85][86][87]

Thebamboo ceiling is a term used to describe the barriers that prevent Asian Australians from achievingleadership positions in the workplace.^{[88][89][90][91]} Despite making up 9.3 percent of the Australianlabour force, Asian Australians are significantlyunderrepresented in senior executive positions, with only 4.9 percent achieving these roles.^[92][93][89] This disparity is often attributed tounconscious bias anddiscrimination within the workplace.^[94][95][96]

There are social and economic disparities among Asian Australians. While Asian Australians are over-represented in high-performing schools and university courses, someethnic groups face challenges.^{[97][84][98][99]} For example,Cambodian Australians have lower rates of educational qualifications and higher participation in semi-skilled and unskilled occupations compared to the general Australian population.^{[100][101][102]}Laotian Australians also have lower rates of higher non-school qualifications and higher unemployment rates compared to the total Australian population.^[103]

Vietnamese Australians have slightly lower participation in the labour force and higher unemployment rates compared to the national average.^[104] Hmong Australians have historically had high unemployment rates and a large proportion inunskilled factory jobs, though this has improved somewhat in recent years.^[105] In contrast,Bangladeshi Australians have higher educational levels and a higher participation in skilled managerial, professional, or trade occupations compared to the total Australian population.^[106]

• The Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA)
• The ASIAN AUSTRALIAN ALLIANCE (AAA)
• The Asian Australian Project (AAP)
• Museums Victoria Origins
• The Melbourne Asia Review (MAR)
• 4A Centre for Contemporary Asian Art

• Asian diaspora in Australia
• Asian-Australian issues
• Asian-Australian culture
• Ethnic groups in Australia

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