| Shah Ashraf Hotak | |
|---|---|
 A modern imagined depiction of Ashraf | |
| Shah of Iran | |
| Reign | 22 April 1725 – 5 October 1729 |
| Coronation | 22 April 1725,Isfahan |
| Predecessor | Mahmud Hotak |
| Successor | Tahmasp II |
| Born | c. 1700 Kandahar Province,Safavid Iran |
| Died | c. 1730 Balochistan |
| Dynasty | Hotak |
| Father | Abdul Aziz Hotak[1] |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Shah Ashraf Hotak (Pashto/Persian:شاه اشرف هوتک; died 1730), also known asShah Ashraf Ghilji orGhilzay (شاه اشرف غلجي), was anAfghan ruler who reigned asShah of Iran from 1725 to 1729.
He was a member of theHotak tribe of theGhiljiPashtuns, who revolted against the decliningSafavid dynasty of Iran and conquered the capital Isfahan in 1722. He was the son ofAbdul Aziz Hotak and a nephew ofMirwais Hotak. He served as a commander in the army of his cousinMahmud Hotak during the revolt against the Safavids. Ashraf also participated in theBattle of Gulnabad. In 1725, he killed his cousin and reigned as Shah of Iran until 1729. His reign was noted for the sudden decline in the Hotak tribal rule under increasing pressure fromOttoman,Russian, and Persian forces.[2]
Ashraf Khan halted both the Russian and Ottoman onslaughts. In theOttoman–Hotaki War, he defeated the Ottoman Empire, which wanted to restore the Safavids to the throne, in a battle nearKermanshah. A peace agreement was finally signed in October 1727, in which Ashraf was recognized as Shah.
Ultimately, the royal Persian army of ShahTahmasp II (one of the ShahSultan Husayn's sons) under the leadership ofNader decisively defeated Ashraf's forces at theBattle of Damghan in October 1729 again atMurche-Khort the next year, causing the collapse of the Afghan army. Ashraf was killed on the way back to Kandahar, possibly on the orders of his cousinHussain Hotak.
Ashraf was born in southern Afghanistan in the early 18th century into a prominent family of theHotak tribe, which led theGhilji (or Ghilzay)Pashtun confederacy along with theTokhi tribe. He was the oldest son ofAbdul Aziz Hotak and a nephew ofMirwais Hotak;[3] the latter was a mayor ofKandahar who revolted against theSafavids in 1709 and remained an independent ruler until 1715.[4] Ashraf participated in the invasion of Iran by the Ghilji in 1721–1722, which resulted in the siege and capture of the Safavid capital ofIsfahan in 1722. The Safavid shahSoltan Hoseyn was overthrown and replaced by Ashraf's cousin,Mahmud, with whom Ashraf had poor relations.[3] After this, Ashraf returned to Kandahar and remained there for a few years.[4] In the meantime, Mahmud faced difficulties as ruler and grew increasingly unstable. His attitude towards Ashraf worsened, and the latter appeared to become more popular as Mahmud's position weakened.[5] Ashraf was convinced by his companions that he would be a better king than Mahmud. He returned to Isfahan and began plotting against his cousin.[4] Mahmud had Ashraf imprisoned, but on 22 April 1725 part of the Afghan army freed Ashraf and overthrew Mahmud, who was probably murdered shortly afterwards.[6] Ashraf was crowned as Shah of Iran on 26 April 1725.[3] After taking power, Ashraf eliminated a number of potential threats to his rule. He blinded his own brother and executed most of the leaders of the coup which had placed him on the throne. He also married a daughter of the deposed Soltan Hoseyn.[7] HistorianMichael Axworthy writes that Ashraf was "as brutal and ruthless as Mahmud, but more calculating, less impulsive, and less prone to self-doubt."[8]
Ashraf spent most of his four-year-long reign in conflict with internal and external enemies. He sought to recover the territories which had recently been conquered by the Ottoman and Russian empires in the north and northwest of Iran. He initially attempted to come to a peaceful settlement with the Ottoman Empire and sent an embassy there in October 1725. He asked the Ottomans to acknowledge him as a legitimate and independent Sunni ruler. He argued that the Afghans had taken control of Iran as "unclaimed" territory, and that because Istanbul and Isfahan were located in non-contiguous regions, Iran need not be subordinated to the Ottomans. Ashraf's appeal was rebuffed by the Ottoman sultanAhmed III, who ordered a campaign against the Afghans in the spring of 1726.[4] After the Ottoman commander Ahmed Pasha sent a letter to Ashraf stating his intention to restore the legitimate Iranian ruler, Ashraf ordered the execution of Soltan Hoseyn.[9] The Afghan and Ottoman armies met atKhorramabad in November 1726. The Afghans damaged Ottoman morale by sending infiltrators who emphasized the common Sunni faith of the two sides.[4] The Afghans emerged victorious, and a peace agreement was reached in October 1727 (but not ratified) which allowed the Ottomans to keep the Iranian lands they had occupied while recognizing Ashraf's rule. Ashraf then confronted the Russians. Although he suffered a defeat close toLangarud in 1727, he signed a treaty with the Russians at Rasht in February 1729 which further strengthened his legitimacy.[3]
Ashraf's struggle against the foreign invaders gained him some supporters among the Iranian population, especially among SunniKurds andZoroastrians but also members of the Shi'iteShahsevan tribe. However, most of the population still would not accept Afghan rule, and a number of rebellions broke out which weakened the government.[3] Additionally, the Afghans themselves suffered from internal divisions.[4] Ashraf could not count on the support of the Ghilji chiefs in Kandahar, who had supported his cousin Mahmud and were displeased with his overthrow.[8] Several individuals claiming Safavid descent raised rebellions in different parts of the country. After the defeat and death of these pretenders, onlyTahmasp, Soltan Hoseyn's only living son who was sheltering inMazandaran, was able to rally support and pose a serious threat to Ashraf's role. Tahmasp gained the support of many chiefs from theQajar andAfshar tribes, two powerful Turkic tribes in the northeast of Iran. His most important military support came fromNader Qoli Beg Afshar (later Nader Shah). Tahmasp's forces captured Mashhad in November 1726 and eventually took control of all of northeastern Iran, whence they planned to take control of the throne.[3]
Ashraf sent a force against Tahmasp, which was defeated by Nader at Mehmandust nearDamghan on 29 September 1729. Nader followed up on this victory and went on the offensive, forcing Ashraf to withdraw from his base in Tehran to Isfahan. In order to deter a pro-Safavid uprising in Isfahan, Afghan forces plundered the city and massacred part of its population. Apparently having received support from the Ottomans, Ashraf's army faced Nader's atMurche-Khort, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Isfahan. The Afghans took large casualties in the fierce fighting, and Ashraf fled Isfahan on 13 November 1729, three days beforeNader entered the city. Even after this defeat, however, Ashraf had an army of around 20,000. Nader chased after Ashraf and defeated his forces again atZarqan and Pol-e Fasa, causing the collapse of the Afghan army. After a failed attempt to reach Ottoman Basra by sea, he made his way towards Kandahar through inland Iran. Near the border ofSistan, he was attacked by a group ofBaluchis and killed in early 1730. The Baluchis may have been sent byHussain, Ashraf's cousin, to avenge the killing of Mahmud.[3] According to another account, Hussain sent his own son Ibrahim after Ashraf after the latter reached Kandahar province. Ibrahim's men found Ashraf in a small village and chased after him on horseback. Ashraf stabbed Ibrahim in the side with a dagger, but Ibrahim was able to shoot Ashraf dead.[10]
Ashraf Hotak Born: c. 1700 Died: c. 1730 | ||
| Preceded by | Shah of Persia 1725–1729 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Mahmud Hotak | Emir of Afghanistan 1725–1730 | Succeeded by |
 Hotak Empire | |
|---|---|
 Durrani Empire | |
 Barakzai Emirate | |
 Barakzai Kingdom | |
 Saqqawist Emirate(unrecognized) | |
| Barakzai Kingdom(restored) | |
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