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Ashikaga shogunate

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Ruling military government of feudal Japan (1336–1573)

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Ashikaga shogunate

足利幕府 (Ashikaga bakufu)

1336–1573

Mon of theAshikaga clan

Capital

Heian-kyō

Common languages

Late Middle Japanese

Religion

Shinbutsu-shūgō

Government

Absolute monarchy under afeudal military dictatorship

Emperor

• 1332–1334

Kōgon

• 1557–1586

Ōgimachi

Shōgun

• 1338–1358

Ashikaga Takauji

• 1568–1573

Ashikaga Yoshiaki

History

• Established

11 August 1336

• Surrender ofEmperor Go-Kameyama

15 October 1392

• Ōnin War

1467–1477

• Oda Nobunaga captures Heian-kyo

18 October 1568

• Ashikaga shogunate abolished

2 September 1573

Currency

Mon

Preceded by

Succeeded by

	Kenmu Restoration
	Ashikaga clan

Azuchi–Momoyama period

Part ofa series on the

History of Japan

Prehistoric

Paleolithic	35,000–14,000 BC
Jōmon Jōmon	14,000–1000 BC
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Ancient

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300–538 AD

Classical

Asuka Soga–Mononobe conflict Taika Reform Battle of Baekgang Jinshin War	538–710
Nara Kojiki Nihon Shoki Tenpyō epidemic Fujiwara no Hirotsugu rebellion Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion Thirty-Eight Years' War	710–794
Heian Former Nine Years' War Later Three-Year War Hōgen rebellion Genpei War	794–1185

Feudal

Kamakura Kamakura shogunate Jōkyū War Mongol invasions Genkō War Kenmu Restoration	1185–1333
Muromachi Wokou Ashikaga shogunate Nanboku-chō period Sengoku period	1336–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama Nanban trade Imjin War Battle of Sekigahara	1573–1603

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1603–1868

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Meiji Ryūkyū Disposition Invasion of Taiwan (1874) Satsuma Rebellion First Sino-Japanese War Invasion of Taiwan (1895) Colonization of Taiwan Boxer Rebellion Russo-Japanese War Colonization of Korea	1868–1912
Taishō Taishō Democracy World War I Intervention in Siberia Great Kantō earthquake	1912–1926
Shōwa Militarism Financial crisis Invasion of Manchuria May 15 incident February 26 incident Anti-Comintern Pact Second Sino-Japanese War World War II Attack on Pearl Harbor Pacific War Atomic bombings Soviet–Japanese War Surrender of Japan Occupation of Japan Postwar Japan Anpo protests Economic miracle Asset price bubble	1926–1989
Heisei Lost Decades Great Hanshin earthquake Cool Japan Tōhoku earthquake Imperial transition	1989–2019
Reiwa COVID-19 pandemic Abe assassination	2019–present

Topics

TheAshikaga shogunate (足利幕府,Ashikaga bakufu), also known as theMuromachi shogunate (室町幕府,Muromachi bakufu), was thefeudal military government ofJapan during theMuromachi period from 1336 to 1573.^[1]

The Ashikaga shogunate was established whenAshikaga Takauji was appointedShōgun after overthrowing theKenmu Restoration shortly after it had overthrown theKamakura shogunate in support ofEmperor Go-Daigo.^[2] TheAshikaga clan governed Japan from the Imperial capital ofHeian-kyō (Kyoto) asde factomilitary dictators along with thedaimyō lords of thesamurai class.^[3] The Ashikaga shogunate began theNanboku-chō period between the Pro-AshikagaNorthern Court in Kyoto and the Pro-Go-DaigoSouthern Court inYoshino until the South conceded to the North in 1392. The Ashikaga shogunate collapsed upon outbreak of theŌnin War in 1467, entering a state of constantcivil war known as theSengoku period, and was finally dissolved whenShōgunAshikaga Yoshiaki was overthrown byOda Nobunaga in 1573.

The Ashikaga shogunate's alternative nameMuromachi and the Muromachi period are derived from the Muromachi district of Kyoto, where the thirdShōgun,Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, established his residence nicknamed the "Flower Palace" (花の御所,Hana no Gosho) onMuromachi Street in 1379.^[1]

Background and early period

[edit]

From 1180 to 1185, theGenpei War was fought between theTaira andMinamoto clans, which had a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over theEmperor of Japan and hisImperial Court. The Genpei War ended with victory for the Minamoto underMinamoto no Yoritomo, establishing theKamakura shogunate after being pronouncedShōgun and beginning theKamakura period. TheHōjō clan rose to power and governed Japan from the city ofKamakura, while the Emperor and his Imperial Court remained in the official capital city ofHeian-kyō as largely symbolic figures. The Hōjō monopoly of power, as well as the lack of a reward of lands after the defeat of theMongol invasions, led to simmering resentment among Hōjōvassals.

In 1333, theEmperor Go-Daigo ordered local governing vassals to oppose Hōjō rule, in favor of Imperial rule in theKenmu Restoration. The Kamakura shogunate orderedAshikaga Takauji to quash the uprising, but for reasons that are unclear, Takauji turned against Kamakura and fought on behalf of the Imperial court, successfully overthrowing the shogunate. It is possibly because Takauji was the unofficial leader of the powerlessMinamoto clan while the Hōjō clan were from the Taira clan the Minamoto had previously defeated. Japan was returned to Imperialcivilian rule, but Emperor Go-Daigo's policies were unpopular and failed to satisfy those who had fought for him. In 1336, Takauji established his ownmilitary government in Kyoto, effectively overthrowing the Kenmu Restoration and appointing himself as the newShōgun.

Northern and Southern Courts

[edit]

Main article:Nanboku-chō period

After Ashikaga Takauji established himself as theShōgun, a dispute arose with Emperor Go-Daigo on the subject of how to govern the country. That dispute led Takauji to cause Prince Yutahito, the second son ofEmperor Go-Fushimi, to be installed asEmperor Kōmyō while Go-Daigō fled Kyoto. Japan was subsequently divided between two Imperial courts: theNorthern Court located in Kyoto, in favor of Kōmyō under Ashikaga influence; and theSouthern Court located inYoshino, in favor of Go-Daigō. The Northern and Southern courts engaged in an ideological struggle for power that continued for 56 years, until the Southern Court gave up during the reign ofShōgunAshikaga Yoshimitsu in 1392.

Government structure

[edit]

The Ashikaga shogunate was the weakest of the three Japanese military governments. Unlike its predecessor, theKamakura shogunate, or its successor, theTokugawa shogunate, when Ashikaga Takauji established his government he had little personal territory with which to support his rule. The Ashikaga shogunate was thus heavily reliant on the prestige and personal authority of itsshōgun. The centralized master-vassal system used in the Kamakura system was replaced with the highly de-centralizeddaimyōs (local lord) system, and because of the lack of direct territories, the military power of theshōgun depended heavily on the loyalty of thedaimyō.

On the other hand, the Imperial court was no longer a credible threat to military rule. The failure of theKenmu Restoration had rendered the court weak and subservient, a situation that Ashikaga Takauji reinforced by establishing his court near to the Emperor in Kyoto. The authority of the localdaimyō greatly expanded from that of Kamakura times. In addition to military and policing responsibilities, the shogunate-appointedshugo now absorbed the judicial, economic, and taxation powers of the local Imperial governors, while the government holdings in each province were rapidly absorbed into the personal holdings of thedaimyō or their vassals. The loss of both political clout and an economic base deprived the Imperial court of much of its power, which were then assumed by the Ashikagashōgun. This situation reached its peak under the rule of the thirdshōgun, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.

After Yoshimitsu however, the structural weakness of the Ashikaga shogunate was exposed by numerous succession troubles and early deaths. This became dramatically more acute after theŌnin War, after which the shogunate itself became reduced to little more than a local political force in Kyoto.

Foreign relations

[edit]

The Ashikaga shogunate's foreign relations policy choices were played out in evolving contacts withJoseon on theKorean Peninsula^[4]^[5] and with imperial China.^[6]^[7]

Fall of the shogunate

[edit]

Bloody succession crises amongst the warrior families led to a decline in the authority of the bakufu until it almost vanished by 1441 at the death ofAshikaga Yoshinori.^[8] The lack of government control was especially acute when thedaimyō feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power during theŌnin War (1467–1477), until it erupted into open warfare in the late Muromachi period, also known as theSengoku period.

When theshōgunAshikaga Yoshiteru was assassinated in 1565, an ambitiousdaimyō,Oda Nobunaga, seized the opportunity and installed Yoshiteru's brotherAshikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th Ashikagashōgun and Nobunaga'spuppet. However Yoshiaki was not entirely subservient to Nobunaga: he continued to strike bargains amongst the monasteries to gain favor, and mediated between powerful clans such as theOtomo andMori.^[8] The Ashikaga shogunate was finally destroyed in 1573 when Nobunaga drove Yoshiaki out of Kyoto. Initially, Yoshiaki fled toShikoku. Afterwards, he sought and received protection from theMōri clan in western Japan.

The Ashikaga family survived the 16th century, and a branch of it became thedaimyō family of the Kitsuregawa domain.^[a]^{[citation needed]}

Palace remains

[edit]

Marker for the site of the Flower Palace, Kyoto

The shogunal residence, also known as the "Flower Palace", was in Kyoto on the block now bounded byKarasuma Street (to the east),Imadegawa Street (to the south),Muromachi Street (to the west, giving the name), andKamidachiuri Street (to the north). The location is commemorated by a stone marker at the southwest corner, and theKanbai-kan (寒梅館; Winter Plum Hall) ofDōshisha University contains relics and excavations of the area.

List of Ashikagashōgun

[edit]

Ashikaga Takauji, ruled 1338–1357^[9]
Ashikaga Yoshiakira, r. 1359–1368^[9]
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, r. 1368–1394^[10]
Ashikaga Yoshimochi, r. 1395–1423^[10]
Ashikaga Yoshikazu, r. 1423–1425^[10]
1. Responsibilities of government undertook by Ashikaga Yoshimochi, (1425–1428)^[11]
Ashikaga Yoshinori, r. 1428–1441^[10]
Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, r. 1442–1443^[10]
Ashikaga Yoshimasa, r. 1449–1473^[10]^[12]
Ashikaga Yoshihisa, r. 1474–1489^[10]
Ashikaga Yoshitane, r. 1490–1493, 1508–1521^[13]^[14]
Ashikaga Yoshizumi, r. 1494–1508^[13]
Ashikaga Yoshiharu, r. 1521–1546^[9]
Ashikaga Yoshiteru, r. 1546–1565^[13]
Ashikaga Yoshihide, r. 1568^[10]
Ashikaga Yoshiaki, r. 1568–1573^[9]

Ashikaga family tree

adoption

(1305-1358)
Takauji⁽¹⁾
r. 1338-1358

(1330-1368)
Yoshiakira⁽²⁾
r. 1358-1367

(1358-1408)
Yoshimitsu⁽³⁾
r. 1367-1395

(1386-1428)
Yoshimochi⁽⁴⁾
r. 1395-1423

(1394-1441)
Yoshinori⁽⁶⁾
r. 1429-1441

(1407-1425)
Yoshikazu⁽⁵⁾
r. 1423-1425

(1433-1443)
Yoshikatsu⁽⁷⁾
r. 1442-1443

(1435-1491)
Masatomo

(1436-1490)
Yoshimasa⁽⁸⁾
r. 1449-1474

(1439-1491)
Yoshimi

(1481-1511)
Yoshizumi⁽¹¹⁾
r. 1494-1508

(1465-1489)
Yoshihisa⁽⁹⁾
r. 1474-1489

(1466-1523)
Yoshitane⁽¹⁰⁾
r. 1490-1493,
1508-1521

(1509-1573)
Yoshitsuna
1509-1573

(1510-1550)
Yoshiharu⁽¹²⁾
r. 1521-1545

(1538-1568)
Yoshihide⁽¹⁴⁾
r. 1568

(1535-1565)
Yoshiteru⁽¹³⁾
r. 1545-1565

(1537-1597)
Yoshiaki⁽¹⁵⁾
r. 1568-1573

References:

新井 (Arai), 白石 (Hakuseki) (1982).Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron. University of Queensland Press. pp. 298, 385.ISBN 978-0-7022-1485-1.
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric; Roth, Käthe (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Oriental Translation Fund. pp. 55–57.ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.

Chronology, dates and paternity of theAshikagashōguns

	Name	Lived	Reigned	Son of
1st	Takauji	1305–1358	1338–1358	Sadauji
2nd	Yoshiakira	1330–1368	1358–1367	Takauji
3rd	Yoshimitsu	1358–1408	1367–1395	Yoshiakira
4th	Yoshimochi	1386–1428	1395–1423	Yoshimitsu
5th	Yoshikazu	1407–1425	1423–1425	Yoshimochi
6th	Yoshinori	1394–1441	1428–1441	Yoshimitsu
7th	Yoshikatsu	1433–1443	1442–1443	Yoshinori
8th	Yoshimasa	1435–1490	1449–1474	Yoshinori

	Name	Lived	Reigned	Son of
9th	Yoshihisa	1465–1489	1474–1489	Yoshimasa
10th	Yoshitane	1465–1522	1490–1493 1508–1521	Yoshimi
11th	Yoshizumi	1478–1513	1493–1508	Masatomo
12th	Yoshiharu	1510–1550	1521–1545	Yoshizumi
13th	Yoshiteru	1535–1565	1545–1565	Yoshiharu
14th	Yosihide	1538–1568	1564–1568	Yoshitsuna
15th	Yoshiaki	1537–1597	1568–1588	Yoshiharu

Notes

[edit]

^With the end of the Kitsuregawa line following the death ofAshikaga Atsuuji in 1983, the current de facto head of the family isAshikaga Yoshihiro, of theHirashima Kubō line.^{[citation needed]}

References

[edit]

^^a ^bNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)."Muromachi-jidai" inJapan Encyclopedia, p. 669.
^Roth 2002, p. 878.
^Roth 2002, p. 53.
^von Klaproth 1834, p. 320.
^Kang 1997, p. 275.
^Ackroyd 1982, p. 329.
^von Klaproth 1834, pp. 322–324.
^^a ^bSansom, Sir George Bailey (1958).A History of Japan, 1334-1615. Stanford University Press. pp. 217, 281.ISBN 978-0-8047-0525-7.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^^a ^b ^c ^dRoth 2002, p. 55.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^hRoth 2002, p. 56.
^Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982)Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron, p. 330.
^Ackroyd 1982, p. 298; n.b.,shōgun Yoshimasa was succeeded byshōgun Yoshihisa (Yoshimasa's natural son), then by Shogun Yoshitane (Yoshimasa's first adopted son), and then by Shogun Yoshizumi (Yoshimasa's second adopted son)
^^a ^b ^cRoth 2002, p. 57.
^Ackroyd 1982, p. 385, n. 104; excerpt, "Some apparent contradictions exist in various versions of the pedigree owing to adoptions and name-changes. Yoshitsuna (sometimes also read Yoshikore) changed his name and was adopted by Yoshitane. Some pedigrees show Yoshitsuna as Yoshizumi's son, and Yoshifuyu as Yoshizumi's son."

Bibliography

[edit]

新井 Arai, 白石 Hakuseki; Ackroyd, Joyce Irene (1982).Lessons from history: the Tokushi yoron. University of Queensland Press.ISBN 978-0-7022-1485-1.
Kang, Etsuko Hae-Jin (1997).Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan.ISBN 978-0-312-17370-8.
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric; Roth, Käthe (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press.ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.
von Klaproth, Julius (1834).Nipon o daï itsi ran: ou Annales des empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund.

v t e Shogunates andbuke regimes [ja] of Japan
Taira regime [ja] (1167–1185) Kamakura shogunate (1192–1333) Ashikaga shogunate (1338–1573) Oda regime [ja] (1568–1583) Toyotomi regime [ja] (1585–1603) Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)

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