אשדוד ים | |
 Aerial view ofMinat al-Qal'a | |
  Ashdod-Yam Shown within Ashkelon region of Israel Show map of Ashkelon region of Israel Ashdod-Yam Ashdod-Yam (Israel) Show map of Israel | |
| Location | Ashdod,Israel |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 31°46′49″N34°37′17″E / 31.78028°N 34.62139°E /31.78028; 34.62139 |
| Type | Port city, fortress |
| History | |
| Material | Stone |
| Cultures | Philistine, Assyrian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Crusader |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1965-1968, 2012 |
| Condition | Partial preservation, buried in sand |
Ashdod-Yam (Greek:Άζωτος παράλιος,romanized: Azotus Paralios,lit. 'Ashdod on the Sea') is an ancient port city on theMediterranean coast ofIsrael, located in the southern part of the modern city ofAshdod, and about 5 kilometres northwest of the ancient site ofTel Ashdod, where ancient Ashdod stood in the time of thePhilistines. Ashdod-Yam and its inland counterpart, Ashdod or Azotus Mesogaios (Άζωτος Μεσόγειος), were for most of their history two closely connected but distinct entities. Much of the surrounding environ is covered by sand dunes and remains unexplored.
The ancient Levantine settlement of Ashdod-Yam had several names. In Assyrian records, it is attested as "asdudi-immu", corresponding to theHebrew "’ašdód-yamm". The first part of the name, "Ašdod", is believed to be derived from theLate Bronze Age Canaanite "’aṯdādu".[1]
In the Hellenistic period, the name of the settlement became "Azotus Paralios", literally "Azotus-by-the-sea", in contrast toAzotus Mesogaias, literally "Inland Azotus". In the Islamic period, it became "Mahuz Azdud", literally "harbour of Azdud", a combining the ancient Aramaic word for harbour,mahuz, and "Azdud".[2][3]
During the Crusades, as property of the lord ofRamla,Hugh, it was bequeathed to the knight Nicolas de Beroard and became known as "Castellum Beroart".[2] Its contemporary Arabic name is "Minat al-Qal'a", after theUmayyad-era fort that was built at the site and whose ruins remain partially intact to this day.[4]
The two towns, Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam, have been connected throughout their history. Despite the antiquity of the place, the nameAshdod-yam was applied to the site and adjacent town in October 1955, by Israel'sGovernment Naming Committee.[5]
During the Late Bronze Age the inland city of Ashdod used a port facility near the mouth of the Lakhish River, atTel Mor [he], as its main exit to the sea, while a smaller port was probably located at Ashdod-Yam.[6]
During the Iron Age the roles gradually reversed, and Ashdod-Yam, located south of Ashdod, overtook in importance the port at Tel Mor, located north of Ashdod. As one of the main five cities of thePhilistine Pentapolis, Ashdod had great regional significance.[6]
Ashdod-Yam is first mentioned in documents from the time ofSargon II of Assyria when in 713 BCE the Assyrian king speaks of having to depose a usurper who had taken over control of the city of Ashdod and had fortified three towns: Ashdod itself,Gath, and "Asdudimmu" (Ashdod-Yam).[6]
In 63 BCE, when generalPompey restored to Ashdod its independence previously lost to the Hasmonean kingJohn Hyrcanus, the city consisted of two twin towns, the regional center ofAzotos Mesogeios orA. Hippenos (lit. "inland Ashdod" and "Ashdod of the horsemen" respectively), andAzotos Paralios (lit. "coastal Ashdod"; also written A. Paralus, Paralius)[7] The town, under its Greek designation, appears in theMadaba Map of the 6th century.
This arrangement persisted throughout the Byzantine period, when the port town actually overshadowed in importance its former mother-city further inland: the bishops of Azotos present at theFirst Council of Nicaea in 325 and thecouncil of Jerusalem in 536 seem to have resided in Azotos Paralios rather than in Azotos Mesogeios.[6][8] Remains from Azotos Paralios of the Byzantine period, including a 1.500-year-old Greek dedication to a large church, were found over 2 km north of the inlandIron Age site.[dubious –discuss] The inscription was discovered between two modern houses, about a mile from the coast. According to a medieval ChristianGeorgian calendar, a four-line Greek mosaic inscription dated back to "the 3rd indiction, year 292", which corresponds to the 6th century AD on theGregorian calendar.[9][10][11] The 6th-centuryMadaba Map shows both cities under their respective names.[12] The prominence of Hellenised, then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century, when it came underMuslim rule. The city was represented at theCouncil of Chalcedon by Heraclius of Azotus.
A chancel screen from a synagogue from the 6th century CE testifies to the existence of a Jewish community at Ashdod-Yam during the Byzantine period.[8]
In November 2017, archaeologists discovered a church, later fully excavated and called “Church of the Deaconesses.”[13] An inscription was discovered between two modern houses, about a mile from the coast.[14] According to a medieval Christian Georgian calendar, a four-line Greek mosaic inscription dated back to "the 3rd indiction, year 292", which corresponds to the 6th century AD on the Gregorian calendar. Archaeologists thought they could have found the remains of the Roman-Byzantine city of Ashdod-Yam.[15][16][17] In 2021 excavations at the site of a Byzantine-era Christianbasilica revealed "splendid" mosaics and tombs dug beneath the floors. The mosaics provide evidence of women serving asministers anddeacons of the church. The burials includedmass-graves of bodies covered inlime, believed to have been used to inter victims of thePlague of Justinian.[18]
In theUmayyad period, theCaliphAbd al-Malik, the builder of theDome of the Rock, constructed afort at Azotus Paralios in the 7th century as part of a series ofcoastal defenses inPalestine.[4][19] Measuring 35m by 55m, the fort was built over the razedinsulae of the former Byzantine town, and was previously thought to been of later 10th or 11th century construction. It was only after subsequent archaeological work that it was determined to have been built by the Umayyads and only later remodelled by the Fatimids and Crusaders.[4][20]
The medieval Arabic name of the port town was Mahuz Azdud, "harbour of Azdud", a very interesting combination between the by then already ancient Aramaic word for harbour,mahuz, and "Azdud", a return to a form much closer to the old Semitic name "Ashdod".[2][21]
The fort of "Minat al-Qal'a" (lit. "the port with the castle" inArabic) was probably built by theUmayyads and was reconstructed by theFatimids andCrusaders. The initial purpose was to hold off the strongByzantine navy and it constituted one link in a chain ofMuslim coastal fortifications.
Documents from the Crusader period indicate that Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam belonged to the lordship ofRamla, and it appears probable that in 1169 the old Arab sea fort (Minat al-Qal'a) was given byHugh, lord of Ramla, to his knight Nicolas de Beroard. From this period the fort is known as "Castellum Beroart".[2]
The port stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed by the Muslims along with the other port cities, due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea.[20] With the destruction of the port city, its inland counterpart regains its importance.
During theLate Ottoman andBritish Mandate periods, the coastalsand dunes surrounding Ashdod-Yam (historically known asRimāl Isdūd) were cultivated using traditional Palestinian agricultural techniques adapted to sandy and shifting soils. Local farmers developed systems such asmawāsī (plot-and-berm cultivation),kurūm (vineyards), andbasātīn (orchard gardens), which enabled sustainablefarming in ecologically marginallandscapes. These methods combined indigenous knowledge with environmental adaptation strategies, including the stabilization of dunes and the strategic planting ofdrought-resistant crops. Contrary tocolonial-era perceptions of the dunes as barren wastelands, recent studies have highlighted the productivity and ecological sophistication of these traditionalland-use practices, contributing to a broader reevaluation of Palestinian agrarian history in thesouthern Levant.[22]
The Iron Age site was excavated byJacob Kaplan from 1965 to 1968 on behalf of theTel Aviv-Yafo Museum of Antiquities. Finds at the site include sections of city fortification walls and aglacis. Pottery found at the site suggests that the fortifications were built in the second half of the 8th century BCE and that a second phase of occupation occurred during the 7th century BCE when the site was no longer fortified.
The medieval fort has been most recently worked on by Dov Nachlieli and his team.[23]
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