 Artiglio II in 1932. | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Name | Macbeth,Ideale,Artiglio |
| Owner | Giovanni Quaglia |
| Operator | SO.RI.MA. (Society for Maritime Recovery) |
| Builder | Mackie & Thomson, Govan[1] |
| Yard number | 324 |
| Launched | 07. February 1906 |
| Out of service | 1930 |
| Fate | Sunk in an explosion in 1930 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Steamship (salvage ship) |
| Tonnage | 283.73 tons |
| Length | 46.85 metres (153.7 ft) |
| Beam | 7.01 metres (23.0 ft)[2] |
TheArtiglio ("Talon") was asteamship used as asalvage ship by the shipping company SO.RI.MA. (Society for Maritime Recovery) ofGenoa, founded in 1926 by CommendatoreGiovanni Quaglia. At the time of her loss in 1930,Artiglio was the world's most modern salvage ship.[2][3]
TheArtiglio was built as a fishing boat inGlasgow in 1906.[4] It was initially named theMacbeth and later called theIdeale.[2] It was theflagship of a smallfleet which included theRostro,Raffio andArpione, outfitted in the twenties and used for the recovery of sunken ships mainly during theFirst World War and after theSecond World War, and crewed by a group of experienced divers. The fleet was equipped with innovative equipment that was futuristic at the time, thanks to the dynamism of its owner who bought the first modern and functionalatmospheric diving suit, and the inventiveness ofAlberto Gianni, known for inventing the portable on-boarddecompression chamber and the "torretta butoscopica", an exploration turret used for recoveries at great depth, then still too risky for divers using classic equipment.[5][6][7] The "Artiglio" had telephones that allowed divers to communicate with people on the surface.[4]
TheArtiglio in particular received much attention in international news when it was sent, on behalf ofLloyd's of London, to theAtlantic Ocean off the coast ofBrest, France, in search of theocean linerSSEgypt, flying the British flag, carrying a valuable cargo consisting of coins and gold bullion for the banks ofIndia, then still a British colony. Following various sensational failures by other major English and Dutch recovery companies, the research and recovery contract was offered to SO.RI.MA. of Genoa. Head diver Alberto Gianni was in command of operations. The wreck ofEgypt was identified on 29 August 1930 at a depth of -130m but the bad winter weather forced postponement of the recovery to the following spring. In the meantime, theArtiglio was sent to the island ofBelle Île, in the northwest ofFrance, to recover theFlorence H, which sank in 1917, carrying a large quantity of explosives, on the harbor front obstructing the passage.
During the demolition ofFlorence H., it was erroneously assumed that the explosive, submerged for more than 13 years, was not reactive. On 8 December 1930, as a result of a demolition charge, the payload inside the ship also exploded. TheArtiglio, positioned by a fatal error of assessment at an insufficient distance, was destroyed by the explosion and sank in theBay of Biscay between Belle Île andHouat,Morbihan, France. Twelve of the ship's nineteen crew members died in the accident,[4][8][9][10][11] including divers Alberto Gianni,Aristide Franceschi, andAlberto Bargellini, all fromViareggio,[3][12] and the ship's commander, Captain Bertolotto di Camogli.[2] The survivors were rescued by theRostro.[8][9][12]
To retrieve the treasure of theEgypt, Commendatore Quaglia quickly outfitted a second ship, originally given the nameMaurétanie, and renaming itArtiglio II; it was, however, soon generally called "Artiglio". With this ship, refitted and restored by the crew of SO.RI.MA., mostly equipped with recovered material from theArtiglio, thanks to inventions and organization left by Alberto Gianni, and in the face of enormous sacrifices on the part of the crew in stormy waters off the coast of Brest, all the treasure of theEgypt was finally recovered, largely made up of coins, bars and gold bullion as well as several bars of silver. The recovery occurred at a depth deemed impossible to reach at the time by divers, who used the famous "torretta butoscopica" invented by Gianni, dropped to -130 meters, to direct the work of buckets operated aboard theArtiglio. This event brought great prestige toItaly, the achievement being acclaimed worldwide by heads of state and government of the time.[13] Congratulations were sent from all over the world, including fromGeorge V (King of the United Kingdom),Benito Mussolini,[citation needed] and then-communications ministerCostanzo Ciano.[14]
CommendatoreGiovanni Quaglia, a man of great business ability and foresight, was the forerunner of all modern high depth naval activities and recovery diving operations. Thanks to him, all the oil companies and the naval forces of the world are also equipped with vehicles and equipment following the operating philosophy of theArtiglio and SO.RI.MA. which he founded and directed, a company with which he completed numerous salvage and maritime operations, and which thanks to its continued success was considered the best and most competitive at a global level. He was also the first Italian owner to set up a fleet ofoil tankers. Unfortunately, he was also regarded as a person of few scruples and did not respect commitments with divers and crews that had earned both prestige and money, not bestowing awards and promised adequate compensation. With the complicity of the Fascist regime he managed to evade union demands by the maritime confederation.[10]
Shortly after, she was engaged in the unsuccessful salvation attempts of theFrench submarineProméthée, sunk on July 7, 1932 offCherbourg.
Aboard theArtiglio lived the journalist and writerDavid Scott, special correspondent forThe Times ofLondon, who promptly dispatched articles by radio. On the day of the sinking he was on land, but he was present during the campaign to recover the treasure of theEgypt, all the steps of which he described in detail. He was very close to the crew and later wrote several books on the events related to the company SO.RI.MA. that had considerable international success, thus helping to create the myth of the Italian divers. The books he wrote are an important reference point for enthusiasts and historians, because they are so numerous and provide detailed information about the historical events related to the world of Italian divers at that time.
In memory of the ship and the divers from the city of Viareggio, the Artiglio Europe Foundation was established in Viareggio. It bestows the International Artiglio Award on those who have distinguished themselves in the world of diving and the study and protection of the marine environment.[15] There is also a secondary school in Viareggio, theIstituto Tecnico Nautico Artiglio (Nautical State School "Artiglio"), which prepares students for careers in theMerchant Navy and asshipbuilders.[16] Since 1966, the city has operated the "club subacqueo Artiglio" ("Artiglio diving club"). The local maritime museum has a large section devoted to the actions of Viareggio divers and diving equipment made available by the club members.
