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Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington

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English naval officer and politician (1648–1716)

For other people with the same name, seeArthur Herbert (disambiguation).

Admiral The Right Honourable The Earl of Torrington
Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington, portrait byJohn Closterman
Born	c.1648
Died	13 April 1716 (aged 67–68)^[1]
Buried	Westminster Abbey
Allegiance	England Dutch Republic (1688)
Branch	Royal Navy Dutch States Navy (1688)
Years of service	1663–1690
Rank	Admiral (Royal Navy) Lieutenant-admiral general (States Navy)^[a]
Commands	HMSPembroke HMSConstant Warwick HMSDragon HMSDreadnought HMSCambridge HMSRupert
Battles / wars	Second Anglo-Dutch War St. James's Day Battle Battle of Bugia Bay Third Anglo-Dutch War andFranco-Dutch War Battle of Solebay Battle of Schooneveld Nine Years' War Invasion of England Battle of Bantry Bay Battle of Beachy Head

Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington (c. 1648 – 13 April 1716) was an English naval officer and politician. Dismissed by James II of England in 1688 for refusing to vote to repeal theTest Act, which prevented Catholics from holding public office in England, he brought theInvitation to William toWilliam of Orange atThe Hague, disguised as a simple sailor. As a reward he was made commander of William's invasion fleet which landed atTorbay,Devon on 5 November 1688, which initiated theGlorious Revolution.

Early life

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Born the son ofSir Edward Herbert and Margaret Smith, daughter ofThomas Smith, Herbert joined theRoyal Navy in 1663.^[2] He was appointed alieutenant in thethird-rate HMSDefiance and saw action at theSt. James's Day Battle in July 1666 during theSecond Anglo-Dutch War.^[2]

Promoted topost-captain in 1666, he was given command of thefifth-rate HMSPembroke in April 1667, of thefourth-rate HMSConstant Warwick in September 1668 and of the fourth-rateHMSDragon in May 1672.^[3]

He went on to captain the third-rateHMSDreadnought in spring 1672 and commanded her at theBattle of Solebay in May 1672 during theFranco-Dutch War.^[2] After that he took command of the third-rateHMSCambridge in October 1673 and was severely injured while commanding her at theBattle of Schooneveld in June 1673.^[3]

He commissioned the third-rateHMSRupert in February 1678, serving underJohn Narborough with the British fleet in the Mediterranean. In April 1679, Narborough returned to England, leaving Herbert in command of a squadron to continue the task of defending British interests in the Mediterranean in general and the colony ofTangier in particular. In July 1680, the Admiralty promoted Herbert to Admiral. Herbert was more successful than his predecessor, with a smaller force. In 1682, he negotiated a peace with Algiers that endured until 1816. His practice of convoying British merchant vessels showed much better protection of trade interests. Since Tangier was not well sited for action against theBarbary pirate ports ofAlgiers,Salé,Tripoli, andTunis, Herbert made use ofGibraltar as a base for the fleet (arranging access with the Spanish in a local informal arrangement). Herbert's command in the Mediterranean continued until June 1683.^[4]^{: ch 2}^[2]^[5]^{: 116–117}

Flag officer

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Dutch AdmiralGilles Schey blaming Torrington for the defeat at Beachy Head in the post-battle court-martial

Herbert was appointedRear-admiral of England in 1683 andMaster of the Robes in 1685.^[2] These employments brought him in £4,000 a year.^[2] However, whenJames II of England required him to promise that he would vote for the repeal of theTest Act, which prevented Roman Catholics from holding public office, his answer was "that his honour and conscience would not permit him to give any such pledge". The King replied: "Nobody doubts your honour, but a man who lives as you do ought not to talk about his conscience". To this reproach (which came from a bad grace from the lover ofCatherine Sedley) Herbert replied: "I have my faults, sir; but I could name people who talk much more about conscience than I am in the habit of doing, and yet lead lives as loose as mine."^[6] The King immediately dismissed him from all his offices.^[2]

Disguised as a common sailor, Herbert went to theDutch Republic in June 1688, carrying theInvitation to William. There, he offered his services toWilliam, Prince of Orange atThe Hague.^[2] Herbert was actively involved in the preparations for the 1688 invasion and for propaganda purposes the Prince appointed him as the lieutenant-admiral general of theDutch States Navy and commander-in-chief of the fleet which would take him to England on 6 October. However, the Prince decreed that until the moment of rendezvous with the English fleet, Herbert would share command with Lieutenant-AdmiralCornelis Evertsen the Youngest and consult with him on all significant matters.Cornelis Tromp, an aging Dutch officer who still nominally held the post of lieutenant-admiral general, was not consulted by the Prince.^[7]

Following theGlorious Revolution, Herbert becameLord High Admiral and then, when the post of Lord High Admiral had been put into commission, he becameFirst Lord of the Admiralty andSenior Naval Lord^[8] on theBoard of Admiralty in March 1689.^[9] He was raised to the peerage by the new King William III asEarl of Torrington andBaron Herbert of Torbay in May 1689,^[10] following on his command of the English squadron at theBattle of Bantry Bay. He was credited with being the first to use the expression, "fleet in being". He proposed avoiding a set battle, except under very favourable conditions, until the arrival of reinforcements: by maintaining his fleet in being, he would force the French to remain in the area and prevent them from undertaking other operations.^[11]

Herbert commanded theEnglish andDutch fleets at theBattle of Beachy Head in July 1690, a serious defeat for the allied fleet, in theNine Years' War.^[2] He was imprisoned in theTower of London and was court-martialed for failing to support the Dutch van squadron against the French, but was acquitted. Nevertheless, he lost his position as First Lord of the Admiralty, and took no further part in public life. The stories that Torrington was not a popular commander, because of his reputation of being a drunk and his habit of taking several prostitutes with him to sea, have been discredited.^[12]^[13]

In 1696, he acquiredOatlands Park, an estate forfeited by his brother,Sir Edward Herbert, who had followed King James II into exile.^[14] He died on 13 April 1716 without children, rendering his titles extinct,^[2] and was buried inWestminster Abbey.^[15]

Marriages

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Torrington married twice, but had no issue by either wife:^[16]

Firstly to Anne Hadley, from whom he later separated;
Secondly to the twice widowed Anne (dowager Lady Crew), daughter and co-heiress ofSir William Armine, 2nd Baronet.

References

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^Edward Wedlake Brayley; Mantell (1850).A topographical history of Surrey: the geological section by Gedeon Mantell. G. Willis. p. 383.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^jLaughton, John Knox (1891)."Herbert, Arthur (1647-1716)" . InStephen, Leslie;Lee, Sidney (eds.).Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 26. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^^a ^b"Arthur Herbert". Three Decks. Retrieved5 August 2017.
^Davies, J. D. (2008).Pepys's Navy: Ships, Men and Warfare, 1649-1689. Havertown: Pen & Sword Books Limited.ISBN 9781848320147.
^Davies, J. D. (2017).Kings of the Sea: Charles II, James II and the Royal Navy. Seaforth.ISBN 978-1-84832-400-8.
^Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1848).The History of England from the Accession of James the Second. Porter & Coates.
^Prud'homme van Reine 2009, p. 288–289.
^Rodger, p. 34
^"Sainty, JC,Lord High Admiral and Commissioners of the Admiralty 1660–1870, Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870 (1975), pp. 18–31". Archived fromthe original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved4 September 2009.
^"No. 2458".The London Gazette. 3 June 1689. p. 2.
^Maltby, p. 160
^van Gent, p. 90
^Le Fevre, pp. 19–42
^"Herbert, Arthur (c.1648–1716), of Oatlands Park, Weybridge, Surrey". History of Parliament. Retrieved7 August 2017.^{[permanent dead link]}
^"Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved7 August 2017.
^"Arthur Herbert, 1st Earl of Torrington". Cracroft's Peerage.Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved5 August 2017.

Explanatory notes

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^The rank of lieutenant-admiral general was specifically created specifically forMichiel de Ruyter andCornelis Tromp, to distinguish them from other naval officers with the rank of lieutenant-admiral.

Sources

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Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911)."Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of" .Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Hattendorf, John B. "Herbert, Arthur, earl of Torrington (1648–1716)".Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13017. (Subscription,Wikipedia Library access orUK public library membership required.)
Laughton, John Knox (1891)."Herbert, Arthur (1647–1716)" . InStephen, Leslie;Lee, Sidney (eds.).Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 26. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
Le Fevre, Peter (2000)."Arthur Herbert Earl of Torrington".Precursors of Nelson: British Admirals of the Eighteenth Century. Stackpole Books. pp. 19–42.ISBN 978-0-8117-2901-7.
Maltby, William S (1994). "The Origins of a global strategy: England from 1558 to 1713". In Williamson Murray; et al. (eds.).The making of strategy: rulers, states, and war. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-56627-8.
Rodger, N.A.M. (1979).The Admiralty. Offices of State. Lavenham: T. Dalton Ltd.ISBN 0900963948.
van Gent, T. (2000).17 Zeventiende Eeuwse Admiralen en hun Zeeslagen (in Dutch). Den Haag: Koninklijke Vereniging van Marineofficieren. p. 90.ISBN 9789090136585.
Burke's Extinct Peerages: TORRINGTON, E
Prud'homme van Reine, Ronald (2009).Opkomst en Ondergang van Nederlands Gouden Vloot – Door de ogen van de zeeschilders Willem van de Velde de Oude en de Jonge. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers.ISBN 978-90-295-6696-4.

Parliament of England
Preceded by William Stokes Thomas Papillon	Member of Parliament for Dover 1685–1689 With:William Chapman	Succeeded by Sir Basil Dixwell Thomas Papillon
Preceded by Bernard Granville The Earl of Ranelagh	Member of Parliament for Plymouth 1689 With:Sir John Maynard	Succeeded by Sir John Maynard The Hon. John Granville
Court offices
Preceded by The Hon. Henry Sydney	Master of the Robes 1685–1687	Succeeded by Lord Thomas Howard
Military offices
Preceded by Sir William Clifton	Colonel ofArthur Herbert's Regiment of Foot 1686–1687	Succeeded by The Hon. Sackville Tufton
Preceded by King William III	Lord High Admiral 1689	Succeeded by In commission
Preceded by Himself (Lord High Admiral)	First Lord of the Admiralty 1689–1690	Succeeded by The Earl of Pembroke
New post	Senior Naval Lord 1689–1690	Succeeded by Sir John Chicheley
New regiment	Colonel of the 1st Maritime Regiment 1690	Succeeded by Earl of Danby

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat
National	United States
Other	Open Library Yale LUX

v t e First Lords of the Admiralty
of England	The Earl of Portland The Earl of Lindsey William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln The Earl of Northumberland The Lord Cottington Sir Henry Capell The Earl of Nottingham The Earl of Torrington The Earl of Pembroke The Lord Cornwallis The Viscount Falkland The Earl of Orford The Earl of Bridgewater The Earl of Pembroke
of Great Britain	The Earl of Orford Sir John Leake The Earl of Strafford The Earl of Orford The Earl of Berkeley The Viscount Torrington Sir Charles Wager The Earl of Winchilsea The Duke of Bedford The Earl of Sandwich The Lord Anson The Earl Temple The Earl of Winchilsea The Lord Anson The Earl of Halifax George Grenville The Earl of Sandwich The Earl of Egmont Sir Charles Saunders Sir Edward Hawke The Earl of Sandwich The Viscount Keppel The Viscount Howe The Viscount Keppel The Viscount Howe The Earl of Chatham The Earl Spencer
of the United Kingdom	The Earl of St Vincent The Viscount Melville The Lord Barham Viscount Howick Thomas Grenville The Lord Mulgrave Charles Philip Yorke The Viscount Melville The Duke of Clarence The Viscount Melville Sir James Graham, Bt The Lord Auckland The Earl de Grey The Lord Auckland The Earl of Minto The Earl of Haddington The Earl of Ellenborough The Earl of Auckland Sir Francis Baring, Bt The Duke of Northumberland Sir James Graham, Bt Sir Charles Wood, Bt Sir John Pakington, Bt The Duke of Somerset Sir John Pakington, Bt Henry Lowry-Corry Hugh Childers George Goschen George Ward Hunt William Henry Smith The Earl of Northbrook Lord George Hamilton The Marquess of Ripon Lord George Hamilton The Earl Spencer George Goschen The Earl of Selborne The Earl Cawdor The Lord Tweedmouth Reginald McKenna Winston Churchill Arthur Balfour Sir Edward Carson Sir Eric Geddes Walter Long The Viscount Lee of Fareham Wood Anderson Leo Amery The Viscount Chelmsford The Viscount Bridgeman A. V. Alexander Sir Austen Chamberlain The Viscount Monsell Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt Duff Cooper The Earl Stanhope Winston Churchill A. V. Alexander Brendan Bracken A. V. Alexander The Viscount Hall Lord Pakenham Viscount Cilcennin The Viscount Hailsham The Earl of Selkirk The Lord Carrington The Earl Jellicoe

v t e First Sea Lords of theRoyal Navy
Senior Naval Lords (1689–1771)	Arthur Herbert Sir John Chicheley Edward Russell Henry Priestman Earl of Orford Sir George Rooke Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Sir John Leake Sir George Byng Matthew Aylmer Sir George Byng Sir John Jennings Sir John Norris Sir Charles Wager Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Harry Powlett Lord Archibald Hamilton Lord Vere Beauclerk Lord Anson Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen Sir William Rowley Edward Boscawen John Forbes Earl Howe Sir Charles Saunders Augustus Keppel Sir Peircy Brett Sir Francis Holburne
First Naval Lords (1771–1904)	Augustus Hervey Sir Hugh Palliser Robert Man George Darby Sir Robert Harland Sir Hugh Pigot John Leveson-Gower Lord Hood Sir Charles Middleton James Gambier Sir Thomas Troubridge James Gambier John Markham James Gambier Sir Richard Bickerton William Domett Sir Joseph Yorke Sir Graham Moore Sir William Johnstone Hope Sir George Cockburn Sir Thomas Hardy The Hon. George Dundas Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir Charles Adam Sir George Cockburn Sir William Parker Sir Charles Adam Sir James Dundas The Hon. Maurice Berkeley Hyde Parker The Hon. Maurice Berkeley The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas William Martin The Hon. Sir Richard Dundas The Hon. Sir Frederick Grey Sir Alexander Milne Sir Sydney Dacres Sir Alexander Milne Sir Hastings Yelverton Sir George Wellesley Sir Astley Key Sir Arthur Hood Lord John Hay Sir Arthur Hood Sir Richard Hamilton Sir Anthony Hoskins Sir Frederick Richards Lord Walter Kerr
First Sea Lords (1904–present)	Sir John Fisher Sir Arthur Wilson Sir Francis Bridgeman Prince Louis of Battenberg The Lord Fisher Sir Henry Jackson Sir John Jellicoe Sir Rosslyn Wemyss The Earl Beatty Sir Charles Madden, Bt Sir Frederick Field The Lord Chatfield Sir Roger Backhouse Sir Dudley Pound The Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope Sir John Cunningham The Lord Fraser of North Cape Sir Rhoderick McGrigor The Earl Mountbatten of Burma Sir Charles Lambe Sir Caspar John Sir David Luce Sir Varyl Begg Sir Michael Le Fanu Sir Peter Hill-Norton Sir Michael Pollock Sir Edward Ashmore Sir Terence Lewin Sir Henry Leach Sir John Fieldhouse Sir William Staveley Sir Julian Oswald Sir Benjamin Bathurst Sir Jock Slater Sir Michael Boyce Sir Nigel Essenhigh Sir Alan West Sir Jonathon Band Sir Mark Stanhope Sir George Zambellas Sir Philip Jones Sir Antony Radakin Sir Ben Key Sir Gwyn Jenkins

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