Anart gallery is a room or a building in whichvisual art is displayed. In Western cultures from the mid-15th century, a gallery was any long, narrow covered passage along a wall, first used in the sense of a place for art in the 1590s.[1] Thelong gallery inElizabethan andJacobean houses served many purposes including the display of art. Historically, art is displayed as evidence of status and wealth, and forreligious art as objects of ritual or the depiction of narratives. The first galleries were in the palaces of the aristocracy, or in churches. As art collections grew, buildings became dedicated to art, becoming the first art museums.
Among the modern reasons art may be displayed areaesthetic enjoyment,education,historic preservation, or formarketing purposes. The term is used to refer to establishments with distinct social and economic functions, both public and private. Institutions thatpreserve a permanent collection may be called either "gallery of art" or "museum of art". If the latter, the rooms where art is displayed within the museum building are called galleries. Art galleries that do not maintain a collection are either commercial enterprises for the sale of artworks, or similar spaces operated byart cooperatives ornon-profit organizations. As part of theart world, art galleries play an important role in maintaining the network of connections between artists, collectors, and art experts that definefine art.
The terms 'art museum' and 'art gallery' may be used interchangeably as reflected in the names of institutions around the world, some of which are called galleries (e.g. theNational Gallery andNeue Nationalgalerie), and some of which are called museums (e.g. theMuseum of Modern Art andNational Museum of Western Art). However, establishments that display art for other purposes, but serve nomuseum functions, are only called art galleries.
The distinctive function of a museum is thepreservation of artifacts with cultural, historical, and aesthetic value by maintaining acollection of valued objects. Art museums also function as galleries that display works from the museum's own collection or on loan from the collections of other museums. Museums might be in public or private ownership and may be accessible to all or have restrictions on access. Although primarily concerned withvisual art, art museums are often used as a venue for other cultural exchanges and artistic activities where the art object is replaced by practices such asperformance art, dance, music concerts, orpoetry readings.
Similar to a gallery, akunsthalle is a facility that hosts temporaryart exhibitions however does not possess apermanent collection.[2]
The art world comprises everyone involved in the production and distribution of fine art.[3]: xxiv The market for fine art depends upon maintaining its distinction ashigh culture, although during recent decades the boundary between high andpopular culture has been eroded bypostmodernism.[4]
In the case of historical works, orOld Masters this distinction is maintained by the work'sprovenance; proof of its origin and history.[5]
For more recent work, status is based upon the reputation of the artist. Reputation includes both aesthetic factors; art schools attended, membership in a stylistic or historical movement, the opinions of art historians and critics; and economic factors; inclusion in group and solo exhibitions and past success in the art market. Art dealers, through their galleries, have occupied a central role in the art world by bringing many of these factors together; such as "discovering" new artists, promoting their associations in group shows, and managing market valuation.[6]
Exhibitions of art operating similar to current galleries for marketing art first appeared in theearly modern period, approximately 1500 to 1800 CE. In theMiddle Ages that preceded, painters and sculptors were members of guilds, seeking commissions to produce artworks for aristocratic patrons or churches. The establishment ofacademies of art in the 16th century represented efforts by painters and sculptors to raise their status from mere artisans who worked with their hands to that of the classical arts such as poetry and music, which are purely intellectual pursuits. However, the public exhibition of art had to overcome the bias against commercial activity, which was deemed beneath the dignity of artists in many European societies.[7]
Commercial art galleries were well-established by theVictorian era, made possible by the increasing number of people seeking to own objects of cultural and aesthetic value.[8] At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century there were also the first indications of modern values regarding art; art as an investment versus pure aesthetics, and the increased attention to living artists as an opportunity for such investment.[9]
Commercial galleries owned or operated by anart dealer or "gallerist"[10] occupy the middle tier of theart market, accounting for most transactions, although not those with the highest monetary values. Once limited to major urban art worlds such as New York, Paris and London, art galleries have become global. Another trend in globalization is that while maintaining their urban establishments, galleries also participate in art fairs such asArt Basel andFrieze Art Fair.[4]
Art galleries are the primary connection betweenartists andcollectors. At the high end of the market, a handful of eliteauction houses and dealers sell the work of celebrity artists; at the low end artists sell their work from their studio, or in informal venues such as restaurants.Point-of-sale galleries connect artists with buyers by hosting exhibitions and openings. The artworks are on consignment, with the artist and the gallery splitting the proceeds from each sale. Depending upon the expertise of the gallery owner and staff, and the particular market, the artwork shown may be more innovative or more traditional in style and media.[11]
Galleries may deal in the primary market of new works by living artists, or the secondary markets for works from prior periods owned by collectors, estates, or museums. The periods represented includeOld Masters, Modern (1900–1950), and contemporary (1950–present). Modern and contemporary may be combined in the category ofPost-war art; while contemporary may be limited to the 21st century or "emerging artists".[12]
An enduring model forcontemporary galleries was set byLeo Castelli. Rather than simply being the broker for sales, Castelli became actively involved in the discovery and development of new artists, while expecting to remain an exclusive agent for their work. However he also focused exclusively on new works, not participating in the resale of older work by the same artists.[13]
All art sales after the first are part of the secondary market, in which the artist and the original dealer are not involved. Many of these sales occur privately between collectors, or works are sold at auctions. However some galleries participate in the secondary market depending upon the market conditions. As with any market, the major conditions are supply and demand. Because art is a unique commodity, the artist has a monopoly on production, which ceases when the artist either dies or stops working.[14]
Some businesses operate asvanity galleries, charging artists a fee to exhibit their work. Lacking a selection process to assure the quality of the artworks, and having little incentive to promote sales, vanity galleries are avoided as unprofessional.[15]
Somenon-profit organizations or local governments host art galleries for cultural enrichment and to support local artists. Non-profit organizations may start as exhibit spaces forartist collectives, and expand into full-fledged arts programs. Other non-profits include the arts as part of other missions, such as providing services to low-income neighborhoods.[16]
Historically, art world activities have benefited from clustering together either in cities[4] or in remote areas offering natural beauty.
The proximity of art galleries facilitated an informal tradition of art show openings on the same night, which have become officially coordinated as "first Friday events" in a number of locations.
Galleries selling the work of recognized artists may occupy space in established commercial areas of a city. New styles in art have historically been attracted to the low rent of marginal neighborhoods. An artist colony existed inGreenwich Village as early as 1850, and the tenements built aroundWashington Square Park to house immigrants after the Civil War also attracted young artists andavant-garde art galleries.[17] The resultinggentrification prompted artists and galleries to move to the adjacent neighborhood "south of Houston" (SoHo) which became gentrified in turn.[18]
Attempting to recreate this natural process, arts districts have been created intentionally by local governments in partnership with private developers as a strategy for revitalizing neighborhoods. Such developments often include spaces for artists to live and work as well as galleries.[19]
A contemporary practice has been the use of vacant commercial space for art exhibitions that run for periods from a single day to a month. Now called "popup galleries",[20] a precursor wasArtomatic which had its first event in 1999 and has occurred periodically to the present, mainly in theWashington metro area.
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