| Art Institute of Chicago Building | |
|---|---|
 View from Adams Street | |
  | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Beaux-Arts |
| Location | Chicago,Illinois, United States |
| Coordinates | 41°52′47″N87°37′25″W / 41.8796°N 87.6237°W /41.8796; -87.6237 |
| Construction started | 1893; 132 years ago (1893) |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge |
TheArt Institute of Chicago Building (initial 1893 main-structure built as theWorld's Congress Auxiliary Building) houses theArt Institute of Chicago, and is part of theChicago LandmarkHistoric Michigan Boulevard District in theLoopcommunity area ofChicago,Illinois. The building is located inGrant Park on the east side ofMichigan Avenue, and marks the third address for the Art Institute. The main building was built for the joint purpose of providing an additional facility for the 1893World's Columbian Exposition, and subsequently the Art Institute. The core of the current complex, located opposite Adams Street, officially opened to the public on December 8, 1893,[1] and was renamed the Allerton Building in 1968.
There have been numerous building additions over the years, as the museum has built over the sunken formerIllinois Central line and further into the park. The most recent addition is the Modern Wing funded in part byPat Ryan.[2] This new building increases gallery space by 33% and accommodates new educational facilities. It opened to the public on May 16, 2009.[3][4]
The Art Institute of Chicago opened as the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts on May 24, 1879, and changed to its current name on December 23, 1882.[5] It was originally established as both a school and museum, and stood on the southwest corner of Michigan Avenue and Monroe Street,[6] where it rented space.[7] Before taking over its current building it occupied a four-storyRomanesque building designed byBurnham & Root at 81 East Van Buren Street, where theChicago Club is now situated.[8][9] The Art Institute, which moved there at the time it changed names, originally leased and later purchased the space.[7] With the coming of the 1893World's Columbian Exposition and its need for a new home for its expanding collection and growing student body, the Art Institute's trustees negotiated for a new structure at what has come to be the current building.[1] AlthoughAaron Montgomery Ward opposed the development of Grant Park with public buildings along the lakefront, he did not oppose the Art Institute.[10]
The new building was funded by the sale of the Van Buren Street building to the Chicago Club for$ 265,000, by donation of the land by theChicago Park District, by $120,000 public subscription, and by $200,000 contribution of the Fair Corporation in cooperation with the Exposition.[7] The World Congress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition occupied the new building from May 1 to October 31, 1893, after which the Art Institute took possession on November 1.[7] The building was built in the place ofWilliam W. Boyington's IllinoisInterstate Exposition Building (1873), which had been intended as a temporary structure.[11]
Upon his death in 1905, lumber merchant Benjamin Franklin Ferguson bequeathed almost $1 million (equivalent to $34,996,296 in 2024) for the purpose of establishing a public sculpture fund to be administered by the Art Institute.[12] The first gift from this memorial fund was theFountain of the Great Lakes, which was commissioned in 1907.[13]
The current building is a classicalBeaux-Arts building, byShepley, Rutan and Coolidge ofBoston, Massachusetts.[1] The Fullerton Auditorium and Ryerson Library were added to the building in 1898 and 1901 respectively.[1] The building is composed of 273 galleries that total 562,000 square feet (52,200 m2).[5] The following is a summary of all additions.[14] The building has a grandItalian Renaissancefacade with a pedimented 5-bayed central section that protrudes forward from the 7-bayed wings on either side.[15] Thearcaded entryloggia is topped by three grandpalladianarches that are separated byCorinthian half-columns.[15]
| Addition | Architect | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Ryerson & Burnham Libraries | Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge | 1901 |
| McKinlock Court | Coolidge & Hodgdon | 1924 |
| Goodman Theater | Howard Van Doren Shaw | 1926 |
| Ferguson Building | Holabird & Root & Burgee | 1958 |
| Morton Wing | Shaw, Metz, & Assoc. | 1962 |
| Columbus Drive Addition andSchool of the Art Institute | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill | 1977 |
| Daniel F. & Ada Rice Building | Hammond, Beeby & Babka | 1988 |
| Fullerton Hall Restoration | Weese Langley Weese: Gilmore, Franzen Architects | 2001 |
| Modern Wing | Renzo Piano | 2009 |
Fullerton Hall was originally built in 1898 by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge on the north side of the main floor in place of a formerly open court.[16] It was built to seat an audience of 425.[16] It has astained glass dome and formerly had acrystalchandelier both made byLouis Comfort Tiffany.[16]
Ryerson Library was built in 1901 to the south opposite Fullerton Hall in another open court by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge.[16] The Burnham Library of Architecture, which opened on January 12, 1920, was added south of and adjacent to the Ryerson Library byHoward Van Doren Shaw.[17]
The Grand Staircase was completed in 1910. However, the architectural ornamentation of the neighboring gallery continued intermittently until 1929 without ever being completed. Plans for a great dome over this staircase were abandoned when proper financing never arose.[18]
In 1916, Gunsaulus Hall was built by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge as a two-story bridge addition spanning theIllinois Central Railroad tracks behind the original building.[13]
McKinlock Court was landscaped in 1924.[17] By 1931 the court was remodeled so theFountain of the Tritons could be installed.[19] Today, this court is open for dining during summer months and still contains theCarl Milles bronze fountain in its center.[14][15]
In 1958, Blackstone Hall, which had been added adjacent to the east wall of the original building in 1903 and once housed over 150 plaster casts of architectural artwork,[20][21] was redesigned (further redesign continued in 1959). After the redesign Blackstone Hall no longer exhibited the Greek and Roman, Renaissance and modern sculptures.[22] Now the Hall is partitioned into several galleries. Also in 1958, the Benjamin F. Ferguson Memorial Building was constructed by Holabird & Root & Burgee to accommodate administrative and curatorial offices, which relieved space in the existing buildings for more gallery space.[23]
In 1960, the Stanley McCormick Memorial Court (north garden) was constructed by Holabird & Root & Burgee.[24] The south garden was constructed in 1965, when theFountain of the Great Lakes was moved and reinstalled.[25]Dan Kiley designed the South garden.[26]
In 1962, The Morton Wing was added south of the central building to provide additional exhibition space and galleries. This balanced the Ferguson building by restoring symmetry.[24][27]
In 1968, the original central building was named the Allerton Building after longtime trusteeRobert Allerton.[27]
In the 1970s, the growth of the school and visitor attendance necessitated the Rubloff Building to accommodate new studios, classrooms, and a film center for the school, and new public spaces for the museum.[27] Ground was broken in 1974, and the dedication was held October 6, 1976.[28]
TheAdler & Sullivan-designed Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1893–1972) Trading Room was salvaged from demolition and installed in the Columbus Drive Addition in 1977. This building fragment, which includesLouis Sullivan's exquisite stenciling, is described as the "Wailing Wall of Chicago preservationists".[14]
In 1988, the Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Building, designed byDriehaus Prize winnerThomas H. Beeby, was added to show the dramatically increased contemporary art collection and to exhibit popular large traveling exhibitions.[29]
The Modern Wing, opened in 2009, was designed byRenzo Piano and funded in part byPat Ryan. It increases the museum's gallery space by 30 percent by adding 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of new galleries, and includes the 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) Ryan Education Center on the first floor.[2][30]The new building incorporates cutting-edgegreen technologies, such as a modern sunshade to filter daylight.[31]The sunshade, dubbed "The Flying Carpet", is made of whiteextrudedaluminum and is linked to the lighting system to adjust and compensate forincandescent fixtures.[32] TheNichols Bridgeway, a 625-foot (190 m) pedestrian bridge also designed by Piano, links the building toMillennium Park.
Flanking the exterior Michigan Avenue entrance stairs aretwo bronze lions by sculptorEdward Kemeys that were a gift from a Mrs. Henry Field for the Art Institute's opening at its current location in 1893. Although the lions have no official names, the sculptor designated the lions by their poses as "stands in an attitude of defiance" (south lion) and "on the prowl" (north lion).[33] These lions, along with those pairs in front of theNew York Public Library Main Branch onFifth Avenue and the pair in the grand staircase of theBoston Public Library's Central Library, are part of anItalian Renaissance revival by 19th-centuryRomantic artists.[34] Guardian lions had been an important architectural theme of the World Columbian Exposition, where six pairs guarded the entrance of thePalace of Fine Arts. Kemeys had sculpted one of these pairs, which may have served as his model for the Art Institute lions.[35] The lions were moved back 12 feet (3.7 m) toward the museum in 1909-10 in conjunction with the widening of Michigan Avenue and the addition of abalustrade andterrace to the south, west and north sides of the building.[20]
When a Chicago sports team makes their league's playoffs, the lions are frequently dressed in that team's uniform. This has been done for theChicago White Sox in 2005, theChicago Bears in 1986 and 2007, theChicago Blackhawks in 2010, and theChicago Cubs in 2016.
