He is best known for his 12-volumeA Study of History (1934–1961). With his prodigious output of papers, articles, speeches and presentations, and numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was widely read and discussed in the 1940s and 1950s.
Toynbee was born on 14 April 1889 inLondon, England, to Harry Valpy Toynbee (1861–1941), secretary of theCharity Organization Society, and his wife Sarah Edith Marshall (1859–1939). His mother took the equivalent of an undergraduate degree in English history at Cambridge University, whenhigher education for women was unusual and before women were allowed to graduate from the university,[10] and his sisterJocelyn Toynbee was an archaeologist and art historian. Arnold Toynbee was a grandson ofJoseph Toynbee, a nephew of the 19th-century economistArnold Toynbee (1852–1883), and a descendant of prominent British intellectuals for several generations.
In 1912, having returned from his travels, Toynbee was elected afellow of hisalma mater Balliol College, Oxford, and appointed a tutor in ancient history.[10][12] Unusually for a British classical scholar of that time, his interests crossed Greek and Roman civilisation, and ranged fromBronze Age Greece to theByzantine Empire.[10] He also combined traditional classical literary scholarship with the emerging discipline ofclassical archaeology.[10]
Following the end of theFirst World War, he returned to theUniversity of London, specialising in theByzantine Empire andModern Greek studies and being appointed to theKoraes Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature atKing's College London in 1919.[12] He was forced to resign from the chair in 1924, following his reporting on the Turco-Greek War in Asia Minor for the Manchester Guardian. Having witnessed the atrocities of the War in close proximity, he abandoned his Philhellene political stance. However, the Koraes chair was being funded by the Greek government and Toynbee's chair had been inaugurated with Venizelos in attendance. Toynbee's subsequent political resolution concerning the war in Asia Minor led to his dismissal from the position at King's College. (see subsection on Greece below).[13][14]
His first marriage was toRosalind Murray (1890–1967), daughter ofGilbert Murray, in 1913; they had three sons, of whomPhilip Toynbee was the second. Their son Lawrence (born 1922) was a painter and married Jean Constance Asquith, granddaughter of Prime MinisterH. H. Asquith.[17] Arnold and Rosalind divorced in 1946; Toynbee then married his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter (1893–1980), in the same year.[8] He died on 22 October 1975, age 86.[18]
Views on the post-World War I peace settlement and geopolitical situation
In his 1915 bookNationality & the War, Toynbee argued that any eventual postwarpeace settlement should be guided by the principle ofnationality.[19] In Chapter IV of his 1916bookThe New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction, Toynbee argued against the competing principle of "natural borders."[20] Toynbee encouraged the use ofplebiscites for the allocation of disputed territories,[20] an idea brought to fruition by the postwar use of plebiscites.[21][22]
In his 1915 bookNationality & the War, Toynbee offered various elaborate proposals and predictions for the future of various countries, both European and non-European. For example, he advocated an autonomous Poland in a federal arrangement with Russia,[23] the retention of Austro-Hungarian dominion over Czech and Slovak lands,[24] Austro-Hungarian relinquishment ofGalicia,Transylvania, andBukovina,[25] independence forBosnia,Croatia, andSlovenia,[24] the division ofBessarabia between Russia and Romania and joint use by those two countries of the port ofOdessa,[26] Russian acquisition ofOuter Mongolia and theTarim Basin in central Asia[27] and ofPontus and theArmenian Vilayets in theOttoman Empire,[28] a strong, independent, central government in Persia.[29] and a Russo-British partitioning ofAfghanistan.[30][31]
Michael Lang says that for much of the twentieth century,
Toynbee was perhaps the world's most read, translated, and discussed living scholar. His output was enormous, hundreds of books, pamphlets, and articles. Of these, scores were translated into thirty different languages....the critical reaction to Toynbee constitutes a veritable intellectual history of the midcentury: we find a long list of the period's most important historians,Beard,Braudel,Collingwood, and so on.[32]
examined the rise and fall of 26 civilisations in the course of human history, and he concluded that they rose by responding successfully to challenges under the leadership of creative minorities composed of elite leaders.[34]
A Study of History was both a commercial and an academic success. In the US alone, more than 7,000 sets of the ten-volume edition were sold by 1955. A 1947 one-volume 1947 abridgement byDavid Churchill Somervell of the first six volumes sold over 300,000 copies in the US. Toynbee appeared on the cover ofTime magazine in 1947, with an article describing his work as "the most provocative work of historical theory written in England since Karl Marx'sCapital".[35] He became a regular commentator for theBBC on the then-current hostility between east and west and on non-western views of the western world.[36][37]
Toynbee's overall theory was taken up by some scholars, such asErnst Robert Curtius, as a sort of paradigm in the post-war period. In the opening pages of his own study ofmedieval Latin literature, Curtius wrote:
How do cultures, and the historical entities which are their media, arise, grow and decay? Only a comparative morphology with exact procedures can hope to answer these questions. It was Arnold J. Toynbee who undertook the task.[38]
After 1960, Toynbee's ideas faded in both academia and in popular culture. His work is seldom cited today.[39][40] In general, historians pointed to his preference for myths, allegories, and religion over factual data. His critics argued that his conclusions are more those of a Christian moralist than of a historian.[41] In his 2011 article for theJournal of History titled "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee," historian Michael Lang wrote:
To many world historians today, Arnold J. Toynbee is regarded like an embarrassing uncle at a house party. He gets a requisite introduction by virtue of his place on the family tree, but he is quickly passed over for other friends and relatives.[42]
Toynbee's work continues to be referenced by some classical historians because "his training and surest touch is in the world of classical antiquity."[43] His roots in classical literature are also manifested by similarities between his approach and that of classical historians such asHerodotus andThucydides.[44]Comparative history, in which his work is often categorised, has been in the doldrums.[45]
Toynbee is thanked in the acknowledgment section ofMark Lane'sRush to Judgment (1966), which critiques the official explanation of theassassination of John F. Kennedy, for having been "kind enough to read the manuscript and make suggestions" to the book.[46]
While the writing of the Study was underway, Toynbee produced numerous smaller works and served as Director of Studies of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House (from 1929 to 1956).[47] He also retained his position at the London School of Economics until his retirement in 1956.[34]
Toynbee was co-editor with his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter, of the RIIA's annualSurvey of International Affairs, from 1922 to 1956. It became the "bible" for international specialists in Britain.[49][50]
Chatham House's World War II Foreign Press and Research Service
At the outbreak of theSecond World War the institute was decentralised for security reasons, with many of the staff moving toBalliol College, Oxford from Chatham House's main buildings inSt James's Square. There, the Foreign Press and Research Service of the Institute worked closely with theForeign Office to provide intelligence for and to work closely with theForeign Office dedicating their research to the war effort under the Chairmanship ofWaldorf Astor.[51]
The formal remit of Chatham House for the FPRS at Balliol was: 1. To review the press overseas. 2. To “produce at the request of the Foreign Office, and the Service and other Departments, memoranda giving the historical and political background on any given situation on which information is desired”. 3. “To provide information on special points desired" (in regards to each country).[52] It provided various reports on foreign press, historical and political background of the enemy and various other topics.
Many eminent historians served on the FPRS under Arnold J. Toynbee as its Director and withLionel Curtis (represented the Chairman) at Oxford until 1941 whenIvison Macadam took over the role from Curtis. There were four deputy directors. The four Deputy Directors wereAlfred Zimmern,George N. Clark,Herbert J. Patton andCharles K. Webster and a number of experts in its nineteen divisions.[53]
The FRBS with Toynbee and his entire team was moved to the Foreign Office 1943–46.[54]
While on a visit in Berlin in 1936 to address the Law Society, Toynbee was invited to a private interview withAdolf Hitler at Hitler's request.[55] During the interview, which was held a day before Toynbee delivered his lecture, Hitler emphasized his limited expansionist aim of building a greater German nation, and his desire for British understanding and co-operation with Nazi Germany.[56] Hitler also suggested Germany could be an ally to Britain in the Asia-Pacific region if Germany's Pacific colonial empire were restored.[57] Toynbee believed that Hitler was sincere and endorsed Hitler's message in a confidential memorandum for the British prime minister and foreign secretary.[58]
Toynbee presented his lecture in English, but copies of it were circulated in German by Nazi officials, and it was warmly received by his Berlin audience who appreciated its conciliatory tone.[57]Tracy Philipps, a British 'diplomat' stationed in Berlin at the time, later informed Toynbee that it 'was an eager topic of discussion everywhere'.[57] Back home, some of Toynbee's colleagues were dismayed by his attempts at managing Anglo-German relations.[57]
Toynbee was troubled by theRussian Revolution since he saw Russia as a non-Western society and the revolution as a threat to Western society.[59] In 1952, he argued that theSoviet Union had been a victim of Western aggression. He portrayed theCold War as a religious competition that pitted a Marxist materialist heresy against the West's spiritual Christian heritage, which had already been foolishly rejected by a secularised West. A heated debate ensued, and an editorial inThe Times promptly attacked Toynbee for treating communism as a "spiritual force".[60]
Toynbee was a leading analyst of developments in the Middle East. His support for Greece and hostility to the Turks during World War I had gained him an appointment to the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History atKing's College, University of London.[13]
His stance during World War I reflected less sympathy for the Arab cause and took a pro-Zionist outlook. Toynbee investigatedZionism in 1915 at the Information Department of the Foreign Office, and in 1917 he published a memorandum with his colleagueLewis Namier which supported exclusive Jewish political rights in Ottoman Palestine.[61] He expressed support for Jewish immigration toPalestine, which he believed had "begun to recover its ancient prosperity" as a result.[62] Historian Isaiah Friedman felt Toynbee had been influenced by the Palestine Arab delegation which was visiting London in 1922.[61]
The Balfour declaration. The British Library
His subsequent writings reveal his changing outlook on the subject, and by the late 1940s he had moved away from the Zionist concept taking into account the Palestine Arabs' tenure. Toynbee maintained that the Jewish people had neither historic nor legal claims to Palestine, stating that the Arab "population's human rights to their homes and property over-ride all other rights in cases where claims conflict." Toynbee did concede that Jews, "being the only surviving representatives of any of the pre-Arab inhabitants of Palestine, had a further claim to a national home in Palestine," but even so Toynbee felt theBalfour Declaration had guaranteed that such a claim was valid "only in so far as it can be implemented without injury to the rights and to the legitimate interests of the native Arab population of Palestine."[63]
Although not the official view of Chatham House which discussed numerous opinions on the then evolving situation,[64] Toynbee came to be known, by his own admission, as "the Western spokesman for the Arab cause."[61] The views Toynbee expressed in the 1950s continued to oppose the formation of a Jewish state, partly out of his concern that it would increase the risk of Middle East conflict with the Jews and Arabs and could lead to a nuclear confrontation. Toynbee, in his article in theJewish Quarterly Review, "Jewish Rights in Palestine",[65] which were at odds with the views of the editor, also an historian and a Talmudic scholarSolomon Zeitlin, who wrote his own response in the same edition, "Jewish Rights in Eretz Israel (Palestine)".[66]
However, as a result of Toynbee's debate in January 1961 withYaakov Herzog, the Israeli ambassador to Canada, Toynbee softened his view and called on Israel, by then established, to fulfil its special "mission to make contributions to worldwide efforts to prevent the outbreak of nuclear war."[61][67]
Though Toynbee co-authoured papers with and commissioned articles from Jewish scholars, and included Jewish friends among those whom he praised in his bookAcquaintances,[68]Toynbee's views on Judaism and Middle East politics prompted allegations of antisemitism.[69][70][71] Israel Ambassador to the United StatesAbba Eban's 1955 speechThe Toynbee Heresy,[69][72] for example, bases the accusation of antisemitism on, among other things, the allegedly negative portrayal of Judaism inA Study of History,[69] Toynbee's frequent use of the adjectiveJudaic to describe episodes of "extreme brutality" even where Jews were not involved, as in theGothic persecution of Christians,[69] Toynbee's reference to the Jewish presence in Palestine at the time of the publication ofA Study of History as merely a "fossil remnant",[73] his portrayal of Judaism as fanatical and provincial and as having advanced the cause of civilization only as a seedbed for Christianity,[69] his view that Zionism offends Jewish piety by attempting to effect a return to the Mideast through secular means rather than entrusting it to a divinely promised Messiah,[69] and certain troubling passages in Toynbee'soeuvres, such as a passage in Vol.8 ofA Study of History in which Toynbee wrote that, "On the Day of Judgement, the gravest crime standing to the GermanNational Socialists' account might be, not that they had exterminated a majority of the Western Jews, but that they had caused the surviving remnant of Jewry to stumble."[citation needed]
In 1971 and 1973, Toynbee met and corresponded withDaisaku Ikeda, president of theSoka Gakkai International. Their dialogue was later edited and presented in the form of a book,Choose Life. His reputation was growing in Japan long before Ikeda made his approach. Toynbee took Japanese culture and history seriously. He was pessimistic about the fate of western civilization. He was genuinely interested in religions such as Shinto and, particularly, Buddhism... and the late 1960s was an era of 'New Age' gurus such as Buckminster Fuller and the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Toynbee was starting to play such a role for Japan, whether Ikeda had approached him or not, writes historian Louis Turner.[74] In 1984 his granddaughterPolly Toynbee wrote an article forThe Guardian attributing her late grandfather's association with Ikeda as a consequence of his old age, frailty and trusting nature.[75]
With the civilisations as units identified, he presented the history of each in terms of challenge-and-response, a process he proposed as a scientific law of history. Civilizations arose in response to some set of extreme challenges, when "creative minorities" devised new solutions that reoriented their entire society. Challenges and responses were physical, as when theSumerians exploited the intractable swamps of southernIraq by organising the Neolithic inhabitants into a society capable of carrying out large-scale irrigation projects; or social, as when the Catholic Church resolved the chaos of post-Roman Europe by enrolling the new Germanic kingdoms in a single religious community. When civilisations responded to challenges, they grew; but they disintegrated when their leaders stopped responding creatively, sinking into nationalism, militarism, and the tyranny of a despotic minority. According to an Editor's Note in an edition of Toynbee'sA Study of History, Toynbee believed that societies always die from suicide or murder rather than natural causes; and nearly always the former.[76] He sees the growth and decline of civilizations as a spiritual process, writing that "Man achieves civilization, not as a result of superior biological endowment or geographical environment, but as a response to a challenge in a situation of special difficulty which rouses him to make a hitherto unprecedented effort."[77][78]
Named after Arnold J. Toynbee, the [Toynbee Prize] Foundation was chartered in 1987 'to contribute to the development of thesocial sciences, as defined from a broad historical view of human society and of human and social problems.' In addition to awarding the Toynbee Prize, the foundation sponsors scholarly engagement with global history through sponsorship of sessions at the annual meeting of theAmerican Historical Association, of international conferences, of the journalNew Global Studies and of the Global History Forum.[79]
Introduction and translations,Greek Civilization and Character: The Self-Revelation of Ancient Greek Society (Dent 1924)
Introduction and translations,Greek Historical Thought from Homer to the Age of Heraclius, with two pieces newly translated by Gilbert Murray (Dent 1924)
Contributor,The Non-Arab Territories of the Ottoman Empire since the Armistice of 30 October 1918, inH. W. V. Temperley (editor),A History of the Peace Conference of Paris, Vol. VI (Oxford University Press under the auspices of the British Institute of International Affairs 1924)
The World after the Peace Conference, Being an Epilogue to the "History of the Peace Conference of Paris" and a Prologue to the "Survey of International Affairs, 1920–1923" (Oxford University Press under the auspices of the British Institute of International Affairs 1925). Published on its own, but Toynbee writes that it was "originally written as an introduction to the Survey of International Affairs in 1920–1923, and was intended for publication as part of the same volume".
The Conduct of British Empire Foreign Relations since the Peace Settlement (Oxford University Press under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 1928)
A Journey to China, or Things Which Are Seen (Constable 1931)
Editor,British Commonwealth Relations, Proceedings of the First Unofficial Conference at Toronto, 11–21 September 1933, with a foreword byRobert L. Borden (Oxford University Press under the joint auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs 1934)
D. C. Somervell,A Study of History: Abridgement of Vols I-VI, with a preface by Toynbee (Oxford University Press 1946)
Civilization on Trial (Oxford University Press 1948)
The Prospects of Western Civilization (New York, Columbia University Press 1949). Lectures delivered at Columbia University on themes from a then-unpublished part ofA Study of History. Published "by arrangement with Oxford University Press in an edition limited to 400 copies and not to be reissued".
Albert Vann Fowler (editor),War and Civilization, Selections from A Study of History, with a preface by Toynbee (New York, Oxford University Press 1950)
Introduction and translations,Twelve Men of Action in Greco-Roman History (Boston, Beacon Press 1952). Extracts fromThucydides,Xenophon,Plutarch andPolybius.
The World and the West (Oxford University Press 1953).Reith Lectures for 1952.
D. C. Somervell,A Study of History: Abridgement of Vols VII-X, with a preface by Toynbee (Oxford University Press 1957)
Christianity among the Religions of the World (New York, Scribner 1957; London, Oxford University Press 1958). Hewett Lectures, delivered in 1956.
Democracy in the Atomic Age (Melbourne, Oxford University Press under the auspices of the Australian Institute of International Affairs 1957).Dyason Lectures, delivered in 1956.
East to West: A Journey round the World (Oxford University Press 1958)
Hellenism: The History of a Civilization (Oxford University Press 1959, in Home University Library)
BetweenOxus andJumna (Oxford University Press 1961). Account of a journey made in North-West India, West Pakistan and Afghanistan during the early months of 1960.
America and the World Revolution (Oxford University Press 1962). Public lectures delivered at the University of Pennsylvania, spring 1961.
The Economy of the Western Hemisphere (Oxford University Press 1962). Weatherhead Foundation Lectures delivered at the University of Puerto Rico, February 1962.
The Present-Day Experiment in Western Civilization (Oxford University Press 1962). Beatty Memorial Lectures delivered at McGill University, Montreal, 1961.
The three sets of lectures published separately in the UK in 1962 appeared in New York in the same year in one volume under the title America and the World Revolution and Other Lectures, Oxford University Press.
Universal States (New York, Oxford University Press 1963). Separate publication of part of Vol VII of A Study of History.
WithPhilip Toynbee,Comparing Notes: A Dialogue across a Generation (Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1963). "Conversations between Arnold Toynbee and his son, Philip… as they were recorded on tape."
BetweenNiger andNile (Oxford University Press 1965)
Hannibal's Legacy: The Hannibalic War's Effects on Roman Life
Vol I: Rome and Her Neighbours before Hannibal's Entry
Vol II: Rome and Her Neighbours after Hannibal's Exit
(Oxford University Press 1965)
Change and Habit: The Challenge of Our Time (Oxford University Press 1966). Partly based on lectures given atUniversity of Denver in the last quarter of 1964, and atNew College of Florida and the University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee in the first quarter of 1965.
Acquaintances (Oxford University Press 1967)
BetweenMaule andAmazon (Oxford University Press 1967)
Editor,Cities of Destiny (Thames & Hudson 1967)
Editor and principal contributor,Man's Concern with Death (Hodder & Stoughton 1968)
Editor,The Crucible of Christianity: Judaism, Hellenism and the Historical Background to the Christian Faith (Thames & Hudson 1969)
Experiences (Oxford University Press 1969)
Some Problems of Greek History (Oxford University Press 1969)
Cities on the Move (Oxford University Press 1970). Sponsored by the Institute of Urban Environment of the School of Architecture, Columbia University.
Surviving the Future (Oxford University Press 1971). Rewritten version of a dialogue between Toynbee and ProfessorKei Wakaizumi ofKyoto Sangyo University: essays preceded by questions by Wakaizumi.
WithJane Caplan,A Study of History, new one-volume abridgement, with new material and revisions and, for the first time, illustrations (Oxford University Press and Thames & Hudson 1972)
Editor, Half the World: The History and Culture of China and Japan (Thames & Hudson 1973)
Toynbee on Toynbee: A Conversation between Arnold J. Toynbee andG. R. Urban (New York, Oxford University Press 1974)
Mankind and Mother Earth: A Narrative History of the World (Oxford University Press 1976), posthumous
Richard L. Gage (editor),The Toynbee-Ikeda Dialogue: Man Himself Must Choose (Oxford University Press 1976), posthumous. The record of a conversation lasting several days.
E. W. F. Tomlin (editor),Arnold Toynbee: A Selection from His Works, with an introduction by Tomlin (Oxford University Press 1978), posthumous. Includes advance extracts fromThe Greeks and Their Heritages.
The Greeks and Their Heritages (Oxford University Press 1981), posthumous
The Survey of International Affairs was published by Oxford University Press under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs between 1925 and 1977 and covered the years 1920–63. Toynbee wrote, with assistants, the Pre-War Series (covering the years 1920–38) and the War-Time Series (1938–46), and contributed introductions to the first two volumes of the Post-War Series (1947–48 and 1949–50). His actual contributions varied in extent from year to year.
A complementary series,Documents on International Affairs, covering the years 1928–63, was published by Oxford University Press between 1929 and 1973. Toynbee supervised the compilation of the first of the 1939–46 volumes, and wrote a preface for both that and the 1947–48 volume.
^Published in 12 volumes from 1934 to 1961 under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs by Oxford University Press with the disclaimer in each volumeThe Royal Institute of International Affairs is an unofficial and non-political body, founded in 1920 to encourage and facilitate the scientific study of international questions. The Institute, as such, is precluded by its rules from expressing an opinion on any aspects of international affairs: opinions expressed in this book are, therefore, purely individual.
^Perry, Marvin (1996).Arnold Toynbee and the Western Tradition. American University Studies—5—Philosophy. Vol. 169. New York:Peter Lang.ISBN978-0820426716.
^LANG, MICHAEL. "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee."Journal of World History, vol. 22, no. 4, 2011, pp. 747–783.JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41508017.
^Paquette, Gabriel B. (June 2000). "The Impact of the 1917 Russian Revolutions on Arnold J. Toynbee's Historical Thought, 1917–34".Revolutionary Russia.13 (1):55–80.doi:10.1080/09546540008575717.S2CID144711181.
^Arnold Joseph Toynbee (2017).Turkey: A Past and a Future. Good Press.Under this new Jewish husbandry Palestine has begun to recover its ancient prosperity.
^Those of Jewish heritage he included wereSir Alfred Zimmern, Sir Lewis Napier (formerly Bernstein), andLord Samuel.Arnold J. Toynbee (1967).Acquaintances. Oxford University Press.
^Kedourie, Elie (2004).The Chatham House version and other Middle-Eastern studies. David Pryce-Jones, אלי. קדורי. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.ISBN1-56663-561-6.OCLC53356640.
^Delivered before the Israel Institute, Yeshiva University, New York, 18th January 1955
^Arnold J. Toynbee (1934).A Study of History, Vol. 2, p 235. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford University Press.
^Louis Turner (23 September 2010)."Arnold Toynbee and Japan: From Historian to Guru". InHugh Cortazzi (ed.).Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits. Vol. VII.Global Oriental. p. 292.ISBN978-90-04-21803-1.Conclusion: The controversial Ikeda/Söka Gakkai attempt to use Toynbee's name and reputation needs to be seen in a wider context. His reputation was growing in Japan long before Ikeda made his approach. Toynbee took Japanese culture and history seriously. He was pessimistic about the fate of western civilization. He was genuinely interested in religions such as Shinto and, particularly, Buddhism… and the late 1960s was an era of 'New Age' gurus such as Buckminster Fuller and the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Toynbee was starting to play such a role for Japan, whether Ikeda had approached him or not.
^Toynbee, Polly (19 May 1984). "The Value of a Grandfather Figure".Manchester Guardian.I like to think that if my grandfather had not been so old or if he had met Ikeda in his own bizarre surroundings, he would not have lent himself to this process of endorsement.
Ben-Israel, Hedva. "Debates With Toynbee:Herzog, Talmon, Friedman",Israel Studies, Spring 2006, Vol. 11 Issue 1, pp. 79–90
Brewin, Christopher. "Arnold Toynbee, Chatham House, and Research in a Global Context", in David Long and Peter Wilson, eds.Thinkers of the Twenty Years' Crisis: Inter-War Idealism Reassessed (1995) pp. 277–302.
Friedman, Isaiah. "Arnold Toynbee: Pro-Arab or Pro-Zionist?"Israel Studies, Spring 1999, Vol. 4#1, pp. 73–95
Hutton, Alexander. "'A belated return for Christ?': the reception of Arnold J. Toynbee's A Study of History in a British context, 1934–1961".European Review of History 21.3 (2014): 405–424.
Lang, Michael. "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee",Journal of World History 22#4 Dec 2011 pp. 747–783in project MUSE
McIntire, C. T. and Marvin Perry, eds.Toynbee: Reappraisals (1989) 254pp
McNeill, William H.Arnold J. Toynbee: a life (Oxford UP, 1989). The standard scholarly biography.
Martel, Gordon. "The Origins of World History: Arnold Toynbee before the First World War",Australian Journal of Politics and History, Sept 2004, Vol. 50 Issue 3, pp. 343–356
Montagu, Ashley M. F., ed.Toynbee and History: Critical Essays and Reviews (1956)online edition
Paquette, Gabriel B. "The Impact of the 1917 Russian Revolutions on Arnold J. Toynbee's Historical Thought, 1917–34",Revolutionary Russia, June 2000, Vol. 13#1, pp. 55–80
Perry, Marvin.Arnold Toynbee and the Western Tradition (1996)
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