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A militaryarmored (also spelledarmoured)car is a wheeledarmoured fighting vehicle, historically employed forreconnaissance,internal security, armed escort, and other subordinate battlefield tasks.[1] With the gradual decline of mountedcavalry, armored cars were developed for carrying out duties formerly assigned tolight cavalry.[2] Following the invention of thetank, the armoured car remained popular due to its faster speed, comparatively simple maintenance and low production cost. It also found favor with severalcolonial armies as a cheaper weapon for use in underdeveloped regions.[3] DuringWorld War II, most armoured cars were engineered for reconnaissance and passive observation, while others were devoted to communications tasks. Some equipped with heavier armament could even substitute for tracked combat vehicles in favorable conditions—such as pursuit or flanking maneuvers during theNorth African campaign.[3]
Since World War II the traditional functions of the armored car have been occasionally combined with that of thearmoured personnel carrier, resulting in such multipurpose designs as theBTR-40 or theCadillac Gage Commando.[2] Postwar advances in recoil control technology have also made it possible for a few armoured cars, including theB1 Centauro, thePanhard AML, theAMX-10 RC andEE-9 Cascavel, to carry a large cannon capable of threatening many tanks.[4]
During the Middle Ages,war wagons covered with steel plate, and crewed by men armed with primitivehand cannon,flails andmuskets, were used by theHussite rebels in Bohemia. These were deployed in formations where the horses and oxen were at the centre, and the surrounding wagons were chained together as protection from enemy cavalry.[5] With the invention of thesteam engine, Victorian inventors designed prototype self-propelled armored vehicles for use in sieges, although none were deployed in combat.H. G. Wells' short story "The Land Ironclads" provides a fictionalized account of their use.[6]
TheMotor Scout was designed and built by British inventorF.R. Simms in 1898. It was the first armed petrol engine-powered vehicle ever built. The vehicle was aDe Dion-Bouton quadricycle with a mountedMaxim machine gun on the front bar. An iron shield in front of the car protected the driver.[7]
Another early armed car was invented byRoyal Page Davidson atNorthwestern Military and Naval Academy in 1898 with theDavidson-Duryea gun carriage and the laterDavidson Automobile Battery armored car.
However, these were not "armored cars" as the term is understood today, as they provided little protection for their crews from enemy fire.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the first military armored vehicles were manufactured by adding armor and weapons to existing vehicles.
The first armored car was theSimms' Motor War Car, designed byF.R. Simms and built byVickers, Sons & Maxim ofBarrow on a specialCoventry-builtDaimler chassis[8] with aGerman-built Daimler motor in 1899.[8] and a single prototype was ordered in April 1899[8] The prototype was finished in 1902,[8] too late to be used during theBoer War.
The vehicle had Vickers armor, 6 mm (0.24 in) thick, and was powered by a four-cylinder 3.3 L (200 cu in)[8] 16 hp (12 kW) Cannstatt Daimler engine, giving it a maximum speed of around 9 mph (14 km/h). The armament, consisting of twoMaxim guns, was carried in two turrets with 360° traverse.[9][10] It had a crew of four. Simms' Motor War Car was presented atthe Crystal Palace,London, in April 1902.[11]
Another early armored car of the period was the FrenchCharron, Girardot et Voigt 1902, presented at theSalon de l'Automobile et du cycle inBrussels, on 8 March 1902.[12] The vehicle was equipped with aHotchkiss machine gun, and with 7 mm (0.28 in) armour for the gunner.[13][14]
One of the first operational armored cars with four wheel (4x4) drive and partly enclosed rotating turret, was the Austro-Daimler Panzerwagen built byAustro-Daimler in 1904. It was armored with 3–3.5 mm (0.12–0.14 in) thick curved plates over the body (drive space and engine) and had a 4 mm (0.16 in) thick dome-shaped rotating turret that housed one or two machine-guns. It had a four-cylinder 35 hp (26 kW) 4.4 L (270 cu in) engine giving it average cross country performance. Both the driver and co-driver had adjustable seats enabling them to raise them to see out of the roof of the drive compartment as needed.[15]
In 1907 the Mexican Army formed a Military Motor Service using several Maxwell cars armed with machineguns and modified to carry large amounts of water. Those were meant to counterYaqui raids in desert regions.[16]
The SpanishSchneider-Brillié was the first armored vehicle to be used in combat, being first used in theKert Campaign. The vehicle was equipped with two machineguns and built from a bus chassis.[17]
Armored cars saw limited use in theItalo-Turkish War. In the spring of 1912, the Italian command ordered thatIsotta-Fraschini and FIAT armored cars be sent to Libya for field trials. The ItalianAutomitragliatrice Corazzata Fiat Arsenale mod. 1912 was used in September 1912 in Libya.[18][19]
An armored car known as the ''Death Special'' was built at the CFI plant inPueblo and used by the Badlwin-Felts detective agency during theColorado Coalfield War.[20]
At least two Isotta-Fraschini armored cars were in use with theFederal Army in Mexico.[16]
A great variety of armored cars appeared on both sides duringWorld War I and these were used in various ways. Generally, armored cars were used by more or less independent car commanders. However, sometimes they were used in larger units up tosquadron size. The cars were primarily armed with light machine guns, but larger units usually employed a few cars with heavier guns. As air power became a factor, armored cars offered a mobile platform for antiaircraft guns.[21]
The first effective use of an armored vehicle in combat was achieved by theBelgian Army in August–September 1914. They had placedCockerill armour plating and aHotchkiss machine gun onMinerva touring cars, creating theMinerva Armored Car. Their successes in the early days of the war convinced the Belgian GHQ to create aCorps of Armoured Cars, who would be sent to fight on the Eastern front once the western front immobilized after theBattle of the Yser.[22][23][24]
The BritishRoyal Naval Air Service dispatched aircraft to Dunkirk to defend the UK from Zeppelins. The officers' cars followed them and these began to be used to rescue downed reconnaissance pilots in the battle areas. They mounted machine guns on them[25] and as these excursions became increasingly dangerous, they improvised boiler plate armoring on the vehicles provided by a local shipbuilder. In LondonMurray Sueter ordered "fighting cars" based on Rolls-Royce,Talbot andWolseley chassis. By the timeRolls-Royce armoured cars arrived in December 1914, the mobile period on the Western Front was already over.[26]
More tactically important was the development of formed units of armored cars, such as theCanadian Automobile Machine Gun Brigade, which was the first fully mechanized unit in the history. The brigade was established on September 2, 1914, inOttawa, as Automobile Machine Gun Brigade No. 1 byBrigadier-General Raymond Brutinel. The brigade was originally equipped with eightArmoured Autocars mounting two machine guns. By 1918 Brutinel's force consisted of two motor machine gun brigades (each of five gun batteries containing eight weapons apiece).[27] The brigade, and its armored cars, provided yeoman service in many battles, notably at Amiens.[28] The RNAS section became theRoyal Naval Armoured Car Division reaching a strength of 20 squadrons before disbanded in 1915. and the armoured cars passing to the army as part of the Machine Gun Corps. Only NO.1 Squadron was retained; it was sent to Russia. As the Western Front turned to trench warfare unsuitable to wheeled vehicles, the armoured cars were moved to other areas.
The2nd Duke of Westminster took No. 2 Squadron of the RNAS to France in March 1915 in time to make a noted contribution to theSecond Battle of Ypres, and thereafter the cars with their master were sent to the Middle East to play a part in the British campaign inPalestine and elsewhere[29] The Duke led a motorised convoy including nine armoured cars across the Western Desert in North Africa to rescue the survivors of the sinking of the SS Tara which had been kidnapped and taken to Bir Hakiem.
In Africa, Rolls Royce armoured cars were active inGerman South West Africa andLanchester Armoured Cars inBritish East Africa against German forces to the south.
Armored cars also saw action on the Eastern Front. From 18 February - 26 March 1915, the German army under GeneralMax von Gallwitz attempted to break through the Russian lines in and around the town ofPrzasnysz, Poland, (about 110 km / 68 miles north of Warsaw) during the Battle of Przasnysz (Polish:Bitwa przasnyska). Near the end of the battle, the Russians used fourRusso-Balt armored cars and aMannesmann-MULAG [de] armored car to break through the Germans' lines and force the Germans to retreat.[30]
The BritishRoyal Air Force (RAF) in theMiddle East was equipped with Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars and Morris tenders. Some of these vehicles were among the last of a consignment of ex-Royal Navy armored cars that had been serving in theMiddle East since 1915.[31] In September 1940 a section of the No. 2 Squadron RAF Regiment Company was detached toGeneral Wavell's ground forces during the first offensive against the Italians in Egypt. During the actions in the October of that year the company was employed on convoy escort tasks, airfield defense, fighting reconnaissance patrols and screening operations.
During the 1941Anglo-Iraqi War, some of the units located in theBritish Mandate of Palestine[32] were sent to Iraq and drove Fordson armored cars.[33] "Fordson" armored cars were Rolls-Royce armoured cars which received new chassis from aFordson truck inEgypt.
By the start of the new war, the German army possessed some highly effective reconnaissance vehicles, such as theSchwerer Panzerspähwagen. The SovietBA-64 was influenced by a capturedLeichter Panzerspähwagen before it was first tested in January 1942.
In the second half of the war, the AmericanM8 Greyhound and the BritishDaimler Armoured Cars featured turrets mounting light guns (40 mm or less). As with other wartime armored cars, their reconnaissance roles emphasized greater speed and stealth than a tracked vehicle could provide, so their limited armor, armament and off-road capabilities were seen as acceptable compromises.
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A military armored car is a type ofarmored fighting vehicle havingwheels (from four to ten large, off-road wheels) instead oftracks, and usually lightarmor. Armored cars are typically less expensive and on roads have better speed and range than tracked military vehicles. They do however have less mobility as they have less off-road capabilities because of the higher ground pressure. They also have less obstacle climbing capabilities than tracked vehicles. Wheels are more vulnerable to enemy fire than tracks, they have a higher signature and in most cases less armor than comparable tracked vehicles. As a result, they are not intended for heavy fighting; their normal use is forreconnaissance, command, control, and communications, or for use against lightly armed insurgents or rioters. Only some are intended to enter close combat, often accompanying convoys to protectsoft-skinned vehicle.
Light armored cars, such as the BritishFerret are armed with just a machine gun. Heavier vehicles are armed withautocannon or a large caliber gun. The heaviest armored cars, such as the German, World War II eraSd.Kfz. 234 or the modern, USM1128 mobile gun system, mount the same guns that arm medium tanks.
Armored cars are popular for peacekeeping or internal security duties. Their appearance is less confrontational and threatening than tanks, and their size and maneuverability is said to be more compatible with tight urban spaces designed for wheeled vehicles. However, they do have a larger turning radius compared to tracked vehicles which can turn on the spot and their tires are vulnerable and are less capable in climbing and crushing obstacles. Furthermore, they are lightly armored and easily outgunned in direct combat.[citation needed]
Many modern forces now have their dedicated armored car designs, to exploit the advantages noted above. Examples would be theM1117 armored security vehicle of the USA orAlvis Saladin of the post-World War II era in the United Kingdom.
Alternatively, civilian vehicles may be modified into improvised armored cars inad hoc fashion.[34] Many militias and irregular forces adapt civilian vehicles into AFVs (armored fighting vehicles) and troop carriers, and in some regional conflicts these"technicals" are the only combat vehicles present. On occasion, even the soldiers of national militaries are forced to adapt theircivilian-type vehicles for combat use, often usingimprovised armor and scrounged weapons.
In the 1930s, a new sub-class of armored car emerged in the United States, known as thescout car. This was a compact light armored car which was either unarmed or armed only with machine guns for self-defense.[35] Scout cars were designed as purpose-built reconnaissance vehicles for passive observation and intelligence gathering.[35] Armored cars which carried large caliber, turreted weapons systems were not considered scout cars.[35] The concept gained popularity worldwide duringWorld War II and was especially favored in nations where reconnaissance theory emphasized passive observation over combat.[36]
Examples of armored cars also classified as scout cars include the SovietBRDM series, the BritishFerret, the BrazilianEE-3 Jararaca, the HungarianD-442 FÚG, and the AmericanCadillac Gage Commando Scout.[37]
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