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| Armeno-Kipchak | |
|---|---|
| Xıpçaχ tili, bizim til, Tatarça | |
 17th century manuscript of a prayer in Armeno-Kipchak. | |
| Native to | Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
| Region | Crimea |
| Ethnicity | Armenians (Armeno–Kipchaks) |
| Extinct | 17th century[1] |
Turkic
| |
| Armenian script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Armeno-Kipchak (Xıpçaχ tili,Tatarça)[2] was aTurkic language belonging to theKipchak branch of the family that was spoken inCrimea during the 14–15th centuries. The language has been documented from the literary monuments of 16–17th centuries written in thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (modern dayUkraine) in theArmenian script. Armeno-Kipchak resembles the language ofCodex Cumanicus, which was compiled in the 13th century.[3]
Speakers of the Armeno-Kipchak are considered to belinguistically assimilatedArmenians.[4][5] Armeno-Kipchak-speakers generally identified as Armenian.[4]
Armenians began settling in Crimea in the 11th century and underwent linguistic assimilation in the 14th and 15th centuries.
From Crimea, mainly the city ofFeodosia, they resettled to parts of modern-dayUkraine,Poland,Romania, andMoldova. Written monuments fromArmenian Apostolic Church centres located in these regions are the reason the Armeno-Kipchak language is known.
In these monuments, the language refers to itself in three ways: with the older termхыпчах тили (en: Kipchak language), the possessive constructionбизим тил (en: our language), and the later comparative terminological combinationтатарча (en: in Tatar), which became widespread thanks to translators familiar withCrimean Tatar.
Armeno-Kipchak has 9 vowels:а, ӓ, е, ы, и, о, ӧ, у, ӱ.
It contained manyloanwords fromUkrainian,Polish andLatin, especially in translated texts, as well asIranian andArabic influences.
The grammatical system was greatly affected by in the influence ofSlavonic languages.
The Armenian trade northwest around the Black Sea was harder to maintain over long periods of time. In the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, for example, it was very active. Armenians who settled at Crimean ports like Kaffa carried the overland trade to feed the Genoese seaborne trade diaspora to the Black Sea. These Crimean Armenians not only carried goods back toward their homeland; they also ran caravans still farther west through present-day Rumania and Poland and beyond to Nuremberg in Germany and Bruges in the Low Countries. Their colonies in Crimea were so large that the Genoese sometimes called it Armenia maritima. In that news base, Armenians also began to take on elements of the local, Tatar culture. They kept their Armenian identity, and loyalty to the Armenian church, but they began to speak Tatar as home language and even to write in with Armenian script.
The Armenians of south-western Ukraine (originating from the Crimean community) were in permanent contact with Kipcak Turks through their trading activities. As a result, they accepted this linguistic idiom as their administrative and religious language. Of this we possess many 16th-17th century records (official documents, language manuals, religious texts, etc.) which reflect a specific dialect of the Kipcak languages.
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