Željko Ražnatović | |
|---|---|
| Жељко Ражнатовић | |
 Ražnatović and his "Tigers" | |
| Member of the National Assembly | |
| In office 25 January 1993 – 20 October 1993 | |
| President | Zoran Lilić Zoran Aranđelović |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-04-17)17 April 1952 Brežice,PR Slovenia,FPR Yugoslavia |
| Died | 15 January 2000(2000-01-15) (aged 47) Belgrade,Serbia,FR Yugoslavia |
| Cause of death | Gunshot wounds[1] |
| Resting place | Belgrade New Cemetery |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Political party | Party of Serbian Unity (1993–2000) |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 9, includingAnastasija |
| Relatives | Veljko Ražnatović (father) |
| Awards | Order of Karađorđe's Star |
| Nickname | Arkan |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Yugoslavia Serbian Krajina Republika Srpska |
| Branch/service |  Yugoslav People's Army(until 1992) Army of Republika Srpska(1992–1995) |
| Years of service | 1991–1996 |
| Rank | Commander |
| Unit | .svg) Arkan Tigers |
| Battles/wars | |
| Criminal information | |
| Criminal charge | |
| Penalty | No (assassinated) |
Željko Ražnatović (Serbian Cyrillic:Жељко Ражнатовић,pronounced[ʒêːʎkoraʒnâːtoʋitɕ]; 17 April 1952 – 15 January 2000), better known asArkan (Serbian Cyrillic:Аркан), was a Serbianwarlord,mobster and head of theSerb paramilitary force called theSerb Volunteer Guard during theYugoslav Wars, considered one of the most feared and effective paramilitary forces during the wars.[2] His paramilitary unit was responsible for numerous crimes inEastern Bosnia, including murder, pillaging, rape and ethnic cleansings.[3] Arkan was one of the most celebrated and iconic figures in Serbia during his time.[4]
He was onInterpol's top ten most wanted list in the 1970s and 1980s for robberies and murders committed in countries across Europe,[5][6] he escaped jail twice,[5] and was later indicted by theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia forcrimes against humanity. Up until his assassination in January 2000, Ražnatović was the most powerfulorganized crime figure in the Balkans,[7][8] as well as the most powerful state-sponsoredgangster in Serbia. Ražnatović had links toAvraham Golan, an infamous security contractor.[9]
Željko Ražnatović was born inBrežice, a small border town inLower Styria,PR Slovenia,FPR Yugoslavia. His father,Veljko Ražnatović served as a decorated officer in theSFR-Yugoslav Air Force, being highly ranked for his notable involvement in World War II. Veljko was stationed in Slovenian Styria at the time when his fourth child Željko was born.[10]
Infant Željko spent part of his childhood inZagreb andPančevo before his father's job eventually took the family to the Yugoslav capital ofBelgrade, which is considered his hometown.[11] He grew up with three older sisters in a strict, militaristic patriarchal household with regularphysical abuse from his father. In a 1991 interview he recalled: "He didn't really hit me in a classical sense, he'd basically grab me and slam me against the floor."[12]
In his youth, Ražnatović aspired to become a pilot as his father had been. Due to the highly demanding and significant positions of his parents, there appeared to be very little time in which a bond was able to be established between parents and children. Ražnatović's parents eventually divorced during his teenage years.[11]
Teenaged Ražnatović was arrested for the first time in 1966 for snatching women's purses aroundTašmajdan Park,[13] spending a year at a juvenile detention center not far from Belgrade. His father then sent him to the seaside town ofKotor in order to join theYugoslav Navy, but young Ražnatović had other plans (ending up inParis at the age of fifteen). In 1969 he was arrested by French police and deported home, where he was sentenced to three years at the detention center inValjevo for severalburglaries. During this time he organized his own gang in the prison.[11]
In his youth, Ražnatović was award of his father's friend,[14] the Slovenian politician and Federal Minister of the Interior,Stane Dolanc.[15] Dolanc was chief of theDirectorate for State Security (UDBA) and a close associate ofPresidentJosip Broz Tito. Whenever Ražnatović was in trouble, Dolanc helped him, allegedly as a reward for his services to the UDBA, as seen in the escape from the Lugano prison in 1981. Dolanc is quoted as having said: "One Arkan is worth more than the whole UDBA."[15]
In 1972, aged 20, Ražnatović migrated to Western Europe.[13] Abroad, he was introduced to and kept contact with many well-known criminals from Yugoslavia, such asLjuba Zemunac,Ranko Rubežić,Đorđe "Giška" Božović,Goran Vuković, etc., all of whom were also occasionally contracted by theUDBA, and all of whom have since been assassinated or otherwise died. Ražnatović took the nickname "Arkan" from one of his forgedpassports. On 28 December 1973, he was arrested in Belgium following a bank robbery, and was sentenced to ten years in prison.[13] In 1974 he was active inSweden and among other crimes robbed a bank inKungälv.[16]
Ražnatović managed to escape from theVerviers prison on 4 July 1979.[13] Although he was apprehended in the Netherlands on 24 October 1979, the few months he was free were enough for at least two more armed robberies in Sweden and three more in the Netherlands. Serving a seven-year sentence at a prison inAmsterdam, Ražnatović pulled off another escape on 8 May 1981 after someone slipped him a gun. Wasting no time, more robberies followed, this time inWest Germany, where after less than a month of freedom he was arrested inFrankfurt on 5 June 1981 following a jewellery store stickup. In the ensuing shootout with police he was lightly wounded, resulting in his placement in the prison hospital ward. Looser security allowed Ražnatović to escape again only four days later, on 9 June, supposedly by jumping from the window, beating up the first passerby and stealing his clothing before disappearing.[13] His final Western European arrest occurred inBasel, Switzerland, during a routine traffic check on 15 February 1983. However, he managed to escape again within months, this time fromThorberg prison on 27 April.
It is widely speculated that Ražnatović was closely affiliated with theUDBA throughout his criminal career abroad.[13] He had convictions or warrants in Belgium (bank robberies, prison escape), the Netherlands (armed robberies, prison escape), Sweden (twenty burglaries, seven bank robberies, prison escape,attempted murder),[17] West Germany (armed robberies, prison escape), Austria, Switzerland (armed robberies, prison escape), and Italy.[18]
Ražnatović returned to Belgrade in May 1983, continuing his criminal career by managing a number of illegal activities. In November of that year, six months after his return, a bank in Zagreb was robbed with the thieves leaving a rose on the counter (allegedly Ražnatović's signature from his robberies in Western Europe).[13] Looking to question Ražnatović about his whereabouts during the robbery, two policemen, members of the Secretariat of Internal Affairs' (SUP) Tenth department from the Belgrade municipality ofPalilula, showed up in civilian clothing at his mother's apartment on 27 March Street in Belgrade.[13] Ražnatović happened to not be home at the moment, so the policemen introduced themselves to his mother as "friends of her son looking to return a cash debt they owed him" and asked the woman if they could wait for him to return to the apartment. Ražnatović's mother phoned him to say that two unknown males waited for him.[13] Ražnatović showed up with arevolver and proceeded to shoot and wound both policemen. He was detained immediately; however, barely 48 hours later, he was released. The occurrence made it clear to all observers, especially his criminal rivals, that he enjoyed protection from the highest echelons of the Yugoslav state security establishment.
Ražnatović spent the mid-1980s running the Amadeusdiscothèque together with Žika Živac and Tapi Malešević. Located in theTašmajdan neighbourhood, the nightclub was reportedly another perk of their contractual work for the UDBA.[13] Moreover, Ražnatović could be seen driving around Belgrade in a pinkCadillac and gambling onroulette in casinos all over the country, from Belgrade (Hotel "Slavija") and nearbyPančevo toSveti Stefan (Hotel Maestral on theMiločer beach) andPortorož (Hotel Metropol).[13]
An avid gambler, following a private game ofpoker in an apartment at Ive Lole Ribara Street in Belgrade, Ražnatović got into an elevator altercation with a tenant from the apartment building, reportedly breaking the man's arm after beating him with a gun. Ražnatović could not avoid being charged this time and the trial saw a notable exchange between him and the judge; during the pre-session identification, Ražnatović stated he was an employee of the Secretariat of Internal Affairs (SUP). When this was challenged by theprosecutor, Ražnatović produced a document summarizing a mortgage loan he obtained from the UDBA for his house at Ljutice Bogdana Street. He ended up receiving a six-month sentence, which he served at the Belgrade Central Prison.[13]
Only days after the1990 Croatian multi-party election, Ražnatović, who was the leader of theDelije (hooligan supporters of the football clubRed Star Belgrade), was present at the away game against Croatian sideDinamo Zagreb atStadion Maksimir on 13 May, a match that ended in the infamousDinamo–Red Star riot.[19] Ražnatović and the Delije, consisting of 1,500 people, were involved in a massive fight with thehome team's football hooligans.[20] On 11 October 1990, as the political situation in Yugoslaviabecame tense, Ražnatović created aparamilitary group named theSerb Volunteer Guard. Ražnatović was the supreme commander of the unit, which was primarily made up of members of theDelije and his personal friends.[21][22][23]
In late October 1990, Ražnatović traveled toKnin to meet representatives of theSAO Krajina, a Serb break-away region that sought to remain in FR Yugoslavia, as opposed to the Croatian government that seceded. On 29 November, Croatian police arrested him at the Croatian-Bosnian border crossingDvor na Uni along with local Dušan Carić and Belgraders Dušan Bandić and Zoran Stevanović. Ražnatović's entourage was sent toSisak and was charged with conspiracy to overthrow the newly formed Croatian state. Ražnatović was sentenced to twenty months in jail. He was released from Zagreb'sRemetinec prison on 14 June 1991. It has been claimed that the Croatian and Serbian governments agreed on aDM1 million settlement for his release.[24]
In July 1991, Ražnatović stayed for some time at theCetinje monastery, with MetropolitanAmfilohije Radović. His group of men, fully armed, were allowed to enter the monastery, where they served as security.[25][26] Ražnatović's group traveled from Cetinje to theSiege of Dubrovnik. On his return from Dubrovnik, he was again a guest at Cetinje.[25]
The Serb Volunteer Guard, also known as "Arkan's Tigers", was organized as an elite paramilitary force supporting the Serb armies, set up in a former military facility inErdut. The force, led by Ražnatović andMilorad Ulemek,[27] consisted of a core of 600 men and perhaps totaled more than 5,000 soldiers,[28] and it was much feared by the public.[29][30][31] Under Arkan's command the SDG massacred hundreds of people in eastern Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[32] It saw action from mid-1991 until late 1995, and was supplied and equipped privately, by the reserves of the Serbian police force or through capturing enemy arms.
When theCroatian War of Independence broke out in 1991, the SDG was active in theVukovar region, committing crimes against Croat and Hungarian civilians inDalj,Erdut,Tenja and other areas. After theBosnian War broke out in April 1992, the unit moved between the Croatian and Bosnian fronts, engaging in multiple instances ofethnic cleansing by killing and forcefully deporting mostlyBosniak civilians. In Croatia, it fought in various areas inSAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia. Ražnatović, reportedly, had a dispute over military operations with Krajina leaderMilan Martić.[33] In Bosnia, the SDG notably fought in battles in and aroundZvornik,Bijeljina andBrčko, mostly against Bosniak and Bosnian Croat paramilitary groups, including killings of civilians.
In late 1995, Ražnatović's troops fought in the area ofBanja Luka,Sanski Most andPrijedor. In October 1995, he left Sanski Most as theArmy of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina reclaimed the city.[34] Ražnatović personally led most of the operations, and rewarded his most efficient officers and soldiers with ranks, medals and eventually looted goods. Several younger soldiers were rewarded for their actions in and aroundKopački Rit andBijelo Brdo. Ražnatović reportedly sent one of his most trusted men, Radovan Stanišić, to Italy to start a relationship withCamorra bossFrancesco Schiavone. According toRoberto Saviano, Schiavone easedarms smuggling to Serbia by stopping theAlbanian mobsters' blocking of weapons routes, and helped money transfer into Serbia in the form of humanitarian aidamid the international sanctions. In exchange, the Camorra acquired companies, enterprises, shops and farms in Serbia at optimal prices.[35]
Ražnatović has been accused of kidnapping Serb refugees who had fled to Serbia from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and forcing them into conscription.[36] AfterOperation Storm in Croatia resulted in the collapse of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and exodus of Serb refugees fleeing to Serbia, theSerbian Interior Ministry rounded up over 5,000 refugees to conscript into the SDG.[37] Military-aged men were forcibly rounded up after arriving in Serbia by local police and then sent to detention camp in Erdut against their will and without informing their families.[38] Once in Erdut, the refugees' heads were shaved and all valuables were confiscated. The men were then subjected to days of physical and psychological torture from the SDG guards, which included extreme physical exercises, routine beatings, and often being subjected to humiliating acts.[39] Ražnatović had been giving speeches accusing the refugees of being cowards and traitors, blaming them for the loss of RSK.[39] Belgrade'sHumanitarian Law Center has represented over 100 people suing the state of Serbia for forced mobilisation.[40]
Ražnatović came to serve as a popular icon for both Serbs and their enemies. For some Serbs he was a patriot andfolk hero, while serving as an object of hatred and fear to Croats and Bosniaks. In the postwar period after theDayton Agreement was signed,[41] Ražnatović returned to his interests in sport and private business. The SDG was officially disbanded in April 1996, with the threat of being reactivated in case of war. In June of that year he took over a second division football team,FK Obilić, which he soon turned into a top caliber club, even winning the1997–98 FR Yugoslav League championship.
According toFranklin Foer, in his bookHow Soccer Explains the World, Ražnatović threatened players on opposing teams if they scored against Obilić.[42] This threat was underlined by the thousands of SDG veterans that filled his team's home field, chanting threats, and on occasion pointing pistols at opposing players during matches. One player told the British football magazineFourFourTwo that he was locked in a garage when his team played Obilić. Europe's football governing body, theUnion of European Football Associations (UEFA), considered prohibiting Obilić from participation in continental competitions because of its connections to Ražnatović. In response to this, Ražnatović stepped away from the position of president and gave his seat to his wifeSvetlana. In a 2006 interview,Dragoslav Šekularac (who was coach of Obilić while Ražnatović was with the club) said claims that Ražnatović verbally and physically assaulted Obilić players were false.[43] Ražnatović was a chairman of the Yugoslav Kickboxing Association.[31]
Many of the former members of "Arkan Tigers" are prominent figures in Serbia, maintaining close ties between each other and with Russian nationalist organisations. Jugoslav Simić and Svetozar Pejović posed with RussianNight Wolves,Ceca performed for Vladimir Putin during his visit in Serbia, Srđan Golubović is a popular trance performer known as "DJ Max" and was identified byRolling Stone as the SDG soldier kicking dead bodies of a Bosniak family inBijeljina on a photo from 1992.[44]
According to chief judgeRichard May from the United Kingdom, theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia issued an indictment against Ražnatović on 30 September 1997 for war crimes ofgenocide ormassacre against theBosniak population,crimes against humanity and grave breaches of theGeneva Conventions.[45] The warrant was not made public until 31 March 1999, a week after theNATO bombing of Yugoslavia had begun, as intervention in theKosovo War. Ražnatović's indictment was made public by the UN court's chief prosecutorLouise Arbour.[46][47] In the week before the start of NATO bombing, as theRambouillet talks collapsed, Ražnatović appeared at theHyatt hotel in Belgrade, where most Western journalists were staying, and ordered all of them to leave Serbia.[48]
During the NATO bombing, Ražnatović denied the war crime charges against him in interviews he gave to foreign reporters. Ražnatović accused NATO of bombing civilians and creating refugees of all ethnicities, and stated that he would deploy his troops only in the case of a direct NATO ground invasion. After theUnited States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, which killed three journalists and led to a diplomatic row between the United States and theChina,The Observer andPolitiken newspapers claimed the building might have been targeted because the office of the Chinesemilitary attaché was being used by Ražnatović to communicate and transmit messages to his paramilitary group in Kosovo. As neither paper offered any proof for this claim it was largely ignored by the media.[49][50]
During an interview with Western journalists, while the three-month period of the NATO bombing was ongoing, Ražnatović showed a small rubber part of theF-117A downed by the Yugoslav army (one of only five NATO aircraft destroyed on 38,000 sorties),[51][52] which he had taken as "a souvenir"; Yugoslav media falsely proclaimed that Ražnatović had downed the stealth fighter.[53]
In March 1999, the Prosecutor of theInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) announced that Ražnatović had been indicted by the Tribunal, although the indictment was only made public after his assassination. According to the indictment, Ražnatović was to have been prosecuted on 24 charges ofcrimes against humanity (Art. 5 ICTY Statute), grave breaches of theGeneva Conventions (Art. 2 ICTY Statute) and violations of thelaws of war (Art. 3 ICTY Statute), for the following acts:[54][55]
Following Ražnatović's assassination in 2000, ICTY ProsecutorCarla del Ponte said she was "confident, however, that other persons who shared responsibility with [him] for his crimes will ultimately be brought to justice."[56]
Ražnatović was assassinated, 15 January 2000, 17:05GMT, in the lobby of theHotel InterContinental inNew Belgrade,[57] in a location where he was surrounded by other hotel guests. The killer, Dobrosav Gavrić, a 23-year-old junior police mobile brigade member, had ties to the underworld and was on sick leave at the time.[58] He walked up alone toward his target from behind. Ražnatović was sitting and chatting with two friends and, according toBBC Radio, was filling out a betting slip. Gavrić waited for a few minutes, calmly walked up behind the party, and rapidly fired a succession of bullets from hisCZ99 pistol. Ražnatović was hit in his left eye and became unconscious on the spot.[59][60] His bodyguard Zvonko Mateović put him into a car, and rushed him to a hospital; he died on the way.[61]
According to his widow Svetlana, Ražnatović died in her arms as they were driving to the hospital. His companions Milenko Mandić, a business manager, and Dragan Garić, a police inspector, were also shot dead by Gavrić, who in turn was shot and wounded by Mateović. A female bystander was also seriously wounded in the shootout. After complicated surgery, Gavrić survived, but was disabled from the waist down and confined to a wheelchair.[62]
A memorial ceremony in Ražnatović's honour was held on 19 January 2000, with writerBranislav Crnčević,Yugoslav Left officialAleksandar Vulin, singersOliver Mandić,Toni Montano, andZoran Kalezić, along with the entire first team ofFK Obilić, including club director Dragoslav Šekularac, in attendance.[63] Ražnatović was buried at theBelgrade New Cemetery with military honours by his volunteers[64] and withfuneral rites on 20 January 2000. Sources dispute the number of people that attended, but most sources state between 2,000[65] to 10,000 people attended the funeral.[66][67]
Dobrosav Gavrić pleaded not guilty but was convicted and sentenced to 19 years in prison. His accomplices received from 3 to 15 years each, after a year-long trial in 2002. However, the district court verdict was overturned by the Supreme Court because of "lack of evidence and vagueness of the first trial process". A new trial was conducted in 2006, ending on 9 October 2006 with guilty verdicts upheld for Gavrić as well as his accomplices, Milan Đuričić and Dragan Nikolić. Gavrić was sentenced to 30 years in prison, as well as Milan Djurišić and Dragan Nikolić, for murder in complicity.[68]
Prior to carrying out his sentence, however, Gavrić obtained a passport from Bosnia and Herzegovina under the name Saša Kovačević and fled Serbia. In March 2011, he was driving a crime boss, Cyril Beeka, in Cape Town, South Africa when a gunman on a motorbike opened fire on them, killing Beeka and wounding Gavrić. Cocaine was found in the vehicle they were in, leading to Gavrić being fingerprinted and his true identity discovered. Since that time, he has been incarcerated in South Africa and fighting his extradition to Serbia where his 2006 sentence awaits him. As of February 2021[update], he is still fighting his extradition to Serbia in South African courts.[69]
Ražnatović fathered nine children by five different women.[70] His eldest son Mihajlo was born inGothenburg, in 1975, from a relationship with a Swedish woman. In 1992, 17-year-old Mihajlo decided to move to Serbia to live with his father. During this time the teenager was photographed wearing the uniform of his father's paramilitary unit during the Yugoslav Wars and according to a Swedish tabloid report the youngster participated in combat operations inSrebrenica.[71] Mihajlo has since lived in Belgrade where he played for theRed Star Belgrade ice-hockey club off and on between 2000 and 2009, also representing Serbia-Montenegro on the national team level between 2002 and 2004.[72] During this time he also ran a sushi restaurant in Belgrade called Iki Bar and dated Macedonian pop singerKarolina Gočeva.[73] He left Serbia after that. In 2013 he was in the news in Serbia again following the conclusion of a court case that had dragged on since 2005 over Ražnatović's failure to meet the repayment terms on aRSD1.1 millioncar loan he took out in 2002 fromKomercijalna Banka. After continually failing to meet his monthly payments, the bank wanted the loan paid off in full in August 2005, and two years later took him to court. In June 2010 he was ordered to pay RSD3.3 million based upon the interest on the original loan.[74] In the end, the verdict stated he owed the bank RSD2.9 million.[75]
In June 1994, sometime after her separation from Ražnatović, Natalija Martinović and their four children left Serbia and moved toAthens, where he bought them an apartment in the suburb ofGlyfada. After his assassination, Martinović disputed hiswill,[76][77] claiming that Svetlana doctored it. In May 2000, she sued Svetlana over Ražnatović's assets, including the villa at Ljutice Bogdana Street in which he and Svetlana lived, claiming it was built with funds from a bank loan Martinović and Ražnatović took out in 1985.[78] The court eventually ruled against Martinović.[79] The court agreed with her assertions that the villa was built with money from a 1985 bank loan taken out by her and Ražnatović, but ruled she had forfeited any rights in future division of that asset when she signed the property over to Ražnatović in 1994 before moving to Greece.[citation needed]
In 2012, Ražnatović's son Vojin Martinović again accused Svetlana of falsifying his father's will.[80] In response, Ražnatović's former associateBorislav Pelević said that the villa at Ljutice Bogdana Street was not mentioned in the will as he had already signed it over to his second wife.[81] Ražnatović and Ceca have a daughter and a son. Their daughterAnastasija Ražnatović sings on her mother's label, and publishes the songs on YouTube.[82]
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