Aristarchian symbols are editorial marks developed during theHellenistic period and the earlyRoman Empire forannotating then-ancient Greek texts—mainly the works ofHomer. They were used to highlight missing text, text which was discrepant between sources, and text which appeared in the wrong place.
Two main types of ancient Greekphilological annotations can be distinguished: signs and explicit notes. Aristarchian symbols are signs.
The first philological sign (σημεῖον) invented byZenodotos of Ephesos, the first head of theAlexandrinian Library, in his edition of Homer was theobelos (ὀβελός, a short horizontal dash-), which Zenodotos used to mark spurious lines. For this reason, the practice of using signs for textual criticism has been called 'obelism'.
Aristophanes of Byzantium invented later the 'asterisk' (ἀστερίσκος)⁎ to mark lines that are duplicated from another place,[1] as well as the'lunate sigma' (σίγμα)Ϲ and the'antisigma' (ἀντίσιγμα)Ͻ for two consecutive and interchangeable lines of the same content.
A system of dots also credited to Aristophanes of Byzantium was developed in the 3rd century BCE. Ahypostigme ('low dot'). marked an occasion for a short breath after a short phrase, astigme mese ('middot') (στιγμή)· marked an occasion for a longer breath after a longer passage, and astigme teleia ('high dot')˙ marked a full stop at the end of a completed thought. Other writers employedtwo dot punctuation⁚ to mark the ends of sentences or changing speakers. Less often, arrangements of three⁝, four⁞⁘, and five⁙ dots appeared.
The number of the philological signs and in some cases their meanings were modified byAristarchus of Samothrace (220–143 BCE), sixth head of the Alexandrinian Library. He used critical and exegetical signs in his editions of the Homeric poems.
A 'dotted lunate sigma' (σίγμα περιεστιγμένον)Ͼ was used by him as an editorial sign indicating that the line so-marked is at an incorrect position in the surrounding text; anantisigma, or 'reversed lunate sigma'Ͻ, may also mark an out of place line. A 'dotted antisigma' or 'dotted reversed sigma' (ἀντίσιγμα περιεστιγμένον)Ͽ indicates the line after which rearrangements should be made, or to variant readings of uncertain priority.
Thediple> marked lines whose language or content was perhaps alsoexegetically noteworthy and pointed to a corresponding explanation in a commentary. Thediple periestigmene (διπλῆ περιεστιγμένη)>· a dotted diple pointed to a verse in which Aristarchos' edition differs from that of Zenodotos. He used theobelos added to theasteriskos⁎- where the repeated line is out of place and thestigme (στιγμή)· indicated suspected spuriousness.
Aristarchos'ssemeia were adopted early on by scholars in Rome, and became the standard philological signs for centuries to follow. Some papyrus fragments contain un-Aristarchian signs whose use was fairly consistent nevertheless. For instance, the so-calledancora, an anchor-shaped diagonal upward and downward pointer⸔ or⸕, often marks places where text had been omitted or draws attention to text-critical restoration in the top or bottom margin, respectively.
In addition to no punctuation, many original source texts in ancient Greek were written as an unbroken stream of letters, with no separation between words. Thehypodiastole, a curved, comma-like mark⸒, was used to disambiguate certain homonyms and marked the word-break in a sequence of letters that should be understood as two separate words. Its companion mark, theenotikon (ἐνωτικόν)‿, served to show that a sequence of letters which might otherwise be read as two separate words, should instead be read as a single word. Theparagraphos (see picture, right) marked a division in a text. Thecoronis⸎ was used to mark the ends of entire works, or the end of major sections in poetic and prose texts.[2][3][4][5][6]
Nine ancient Greek textual annotation symbols are included in the supplemental punctuation list ofISOIEC standard 10646 for character sets.Unicode encodes several more signs.
The names of the charactersAsterix andObelix in theFrench comic seriesThe Adventures of Asterix byRené Goscinny andAlbert Uderzo are derived from the Aristarchian symbols.