Principality of Ardalan میرنشینی ئەردەڵان | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14th century–1865/68 | |||||||
| Status | Independent emirate (13th century-1617), semi-independent (1617-1865/68) | ||||||
| Capital | Sanandaj | ||||||
| Common languages | Kurdish,Gorani,Sorani | ||||||
| Government | Principality | ||||||
| Wali | |||||||
• ?-? | Bani Ardalan | ||||||
• 1846–1848 1860–1867 | Amanollah Khan Ardalan(last) | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• Established | 14th century | ||||||
• Disestablished | 1865/68 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Kordestan Province | ||||||
Ardalan also known asArdalanids,house of Ardalan,Ardalind dynasty,[1] (Sorani Kurdish:میرنشینی ئەردەڵان)[2] was ahereditaryKurdishEmirate in westernIran from around the 14th century until 1865[3] or 1868[4] withSanandaj as capital.[5] The Ardalan state was completely independent until 1617, when it was incorporated into theSafavid Empire as a semi-independent frontier province by the name of Ardalan.[6] The territory corresponded roughly to present-dayKurdistan province ofIran and its rulers were loyal toQajar Iran.Baban was its main rival.Gorani was itsliterary language andlingua franca.[5][7] When the Ardalan emirate fell, literary work in Gorani ceased.[8]
The ruling family of Ardalan belonged to the Ardalan tribe, also known as Bani Ardalan tribe, whose name may has been suggested to have been acquired from aTurkic rank.[6] The ruling family considered themselves to be descended fromSaladin (r. 1174–1193), the founder of theAyyubid dynasty (1171–1260/1341). Some Ardalan monarchs claimed descent fromArdashir I, the founder of theSasanian Empire.[1][9] Other tribal folklore traced their foundation to the earlyAbbasid Caliphate (750–1258).[6] According toSharafkhan Bidlisi, the renownedKurdish historian, the earliest known leader of the tribe, Bani Ardalan, was a descendant ofNasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan, who was the ruler ofMarwanid Emirate in 1011–1061 centered inDiyar Bakr. He settled down among theGoran Kurds inKurdistan and toward the end of theMongol era took over theSharazor, where he established himself as an absolute ruler.[6][9]
The Ardalan emirate was independent from its foundation byBaba Ardalan until it became Semi-independent in 1617, when Ahmad khan took the throne. From the Beginning ofAhmad Khan's reign till Amanoallah Khan, the Ardalan emirate was mostly a Semi-independent acountry. They recognizedIranian orOttoman hegemony according to the requirements of each period.[10][6]
During the Safavid hegemony, the Ardalans were deeply involved in the conflicts between the Iranian and Ottoman empires, they shifted their Allegiance to the Ottomans whenever it suited them.[6] By 1736,Nader Shah had overthrown theSafavid dynasty and started expanding the borders of Iran both to the east and west. He fought numerous wars against theOttoman Empire from the start of his reign until his death in June 1747. Some of the lands controlled by the Kurdish rulers were repeatedly transferred during these battles. The Ottomans and Nader Shah occupied Ardalan more than any other of those regions. In addition to these states, Ardalan was also invaded by the principalities ofMukriyan,Baban, andShahrizor.[11]
Soon after Nader Shah's assassination,Karim Khan Zand became the new ruler of Iran. He gained control over most of the country, and before the winter of 1749, had launched a military operation against Ardalan. Its ruler, Hasan Ali, attempted to diffuse the conflict despite his lack of preparation, but failed. The Zand army destroyed his capital, Sanandaj. Kurdish rulers were never awarded important posts in the Zand dynasty's administrative hierarchy, such as the office ofbeglerbegi (governor-general). Hereditary positions required royal approval, and Karim Khan did not always acknowledge the rulers those who were in line to take over their inherited domains.[12]
UnderHalo Khan Ardalan and his successorKhan Ahmad Khan Ardalan, the towns of Ardalan were restored. They also supported writers and poets who wrote in Arabic, Persian, and especiallyGorani, a language that was far more spoken than it is now.[13]
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